Identification Of Novel Cell Surface Markers For Pancreatic Progenitor Cells And Definite Endodermal Cells

ABSTRACT

Methods of identifying, isolating and qualifying pancreatic progenitor cells and definite endodermal cells. An isolated population of pancreatic progenitor cells, including at least 75% of cells having a TROP-2+ and/or TROP-2+/GPR50+ expression pattern and an isolated population of definite endodermal cells, including at least 50% of cells having a 
     SOX17+/SOX7+/GSC+/CER+/FOXA2+/CXCR4+/NANOG expression pattern. Nucleic acid constructs including a reporter protein under the transcriptional regulation of SOX17 regulatory sequence or of PDX1 regulatory sequence, and cells comprising same, and methods and kits using same.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention, in some embodiments thereof, relates to methodsof identifying, isolating and qualifying pancreatic progenitor cells anddefinite endodermal cells, and, more particularly, but not exclusively,to isolated cell populations generated thereby.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus is an autoimmune disease affecting the life ofmillions world wide with enormous financial costs. It is caused by thedestruction and loss of function of beta cells in the pancreatic Isletsof Langerhans. The lack of insulin production causes deregulation ofblood glucose levels, and leads to a large number of symptoms that caneventually be fatal. Daily insulin injections are the most prevalenttreatment for type I Diabetes Mellitus and for insulin-dependent type IIDiabetes Mellitus. However, insulin injections are expensive, cumbersomeand do not enable the patient to attain a real steady state in bloodglucose levels, but instead lead to fluctuations above and below theoptimal base line, which do not ultimately prevent complications ofdiabetes. A potential cure for these diseases is transplantation therapywhereby islets are transplanted into the patient. However, the limitednumber of donor organs presently restricts the use of this procedure.

New sources of beta cells are needed in order to develop cell therapiesfor patients with insulin-dependent diabetes. An alternative to forcedexpansion of post-mitotic beta cells is the induction of differentiationof pluripotent stem/progenitor cells (which have a naturalself-expansion capacity) of different origins, into insulin-producingcells. Various publications describe protocols for differentiation ofhuman embryonic stem cells (hESCs) (5-9), induced pluripotent stem cells(iPSCs) (10, 11), or cord blood mesenchymal stem cells (Chao C K et al.,PLoS ONE. 2008; 3(1): e1451; Santos T M et al., TransplantationProceedings, 42: 563-565, 2010; Bhandari D R et al., Differentiation.2011 July 20. [Epub ahead of print]) into pancreatic endocrine cellswhich might provide a source of insulin producing cells for diabetics.

The in vitro differentiation of cells to pancreatic beta cells, like invivo embryonic development, is a stepwise process by which the initiallypluripotent/multipotent cells, such as human ESCs or iPSCs,progressively commit towards a more specialized cell fate ultimatelyresulting in insulin producing cells. Though insulin is a classic markerfor pancreatic endocrine cells it is only a useful marker for cells thathave reached the endpoint of differentiation and are fully functionalbeta islet cells.

Two significant points along the differentiation process are theendodermal progenitor stage and the pancreatic progenitor stage. Thesestages are characterized by the expression of stage specifictranscription factors. Two examples of these are SRY box 17 (SOX17) andpancreatic and duodenal homeobox 1 (PDX1), which are expressedrelatively early in pancreatic differentiation. SOX17 is expressed atthe earliest stage of hESC differentiation towards definitive endodermand PDX1 is expressed at onset of the earliest commitment stages towardspancreas (12).

Lavon et al. (25) transfected hESCs with a reporter construct whichincluded the enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) under the albuminpromoter (ALB-eGFP).

Additional background art includes Wang P., et al. Cell Stem Cell, 8:335-346, 2011; WO 2005116073; Zwaka T P and J A Thomson, 2003[Homologous recombination in human embryonic stem cells. Nat Biotechnol21:319-321]; Micallef S J., 2005 (Diabetes 54: 301-305); Nikakan K K.,2010 (Genes Dev. 24:312-326); D'Amour K A, et al., 2005 (Efficientdifferentiation of human embryonic stem cells to definitive endoderm.Nat Biotechnol 23:1534-1541); Yasunaga M, et al., 2005 (Induction andmonitoring of definitive and visceral endoderm differentiation of mouseES cells. Nat Biotechnol 23:1542-1550); US 2011/0070645 (Chen et al.);WO 2005/116073 A2 (D'Amour K A et al.); Borowiak M, 2009 (Cell Stem Cell4, 348-358); Jiang W., 2007 (Cell Res 17:333-344); D′amour 2006 (NatBiotechnol 24:1392-1401); and Kroon 2008 (Nat Biotechnol 26:443-452).

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

According to an aspect of some embodiments of the present inventionthere is provided a method of identifying pancreatic progenitor cells,comprising determining in a population of cells which comprisespancreatic progenitor cells at least one marker that is: (i) positivelyassociated with pancreatic differentiation, the marker being selectedfrom the group consisting of: TACSTD2 (TROP-2), GPR50, BST2, NTRK2,ITGA4, KDR, PTPRN, LGI1, VIPR2, SLC2A1, MUC15, MUC12, LPHN3, MUC16,VTCN1, MMP16, FZD3, ITGB6, GFRA3, ROBO1, NLGN1, BST2, MUC12, CNTFR,LPHN1, SULF1, ADAM23, SCUBE3, PLAU, CDON, SLIT2, C7orf68, PLXDC2, CD74,MUC15, GPR56, VTCN1, ITGB6, NTRK2, AREG, BOC, ITGA4, KLRK1, PRTG,PTPRZ1, GABRP, SILV, KIAA1772, PLP1, OVOS, HAPLN1, EPHA7, ENO2, PCDHB5,OVOS, SYT1, DCT, GPAM, SLITRK6, DCC, FREM2, SDK2, CGA, ATP1B2, SEMA3D,PCDHB15, CDH1, WNT8B, LPAR4, NPIPL3, FAM171B, PTN, ABCC2, ADAMTS3,RASA4, CPT1C, SLC6A6, PCDHB3, LRRC37B, RNFT2, KCNG3, TRPC1, ALPPL2,OR4F21, CCL2, KIF5A, OLFM2, CACNG7, MPHOSPH9, SLC13A4, MOXD1, C6orf186,SLC4A8, STX16, AMY2A, SPARCL1, MGP, A2M, DCN, ATP8B1, MMRN1, EMP1,PLA2G2A, PDE3A, TLR3, CYP1B1, PTGIS, RFTN2, PLEKHA2, SMOC1, STOM, JAM2,CHL1, SCG5, IGFBP7, NPR3, IFI6, CR1L, OR2A4, OR2A7, KCNG3, CACNG7,GRID2, CDH1, LPAR3, SEMA6A, PTPRZ1, ATP1A3, CAMKV, SCNN1G, SYT6,SLC18A2, PCDHB5, ABCG2, HLA-DRA, CR1L, HTR2C, EDNRB, PCDH11X, SLC17A7,SCNN1A, CD9, CXCL16, FXYD5, GABRQ, GFRA3, CACNA2D2, CLDN4, PTPRN, PLP1,PDPN, MMP24, SDK2, GPR176, GPR64, GPR160, PCDH11Y, NKAIN4, ATP1B2,SCN8A, THBS4, CR2, HLA-DQA1, HLA-DRA, HTR7, SLC2A1, HLA-DRA, KCNS3,SLC7A3, HLA-DPB2, CACNA1B, and GPR143, wherein an upregulation above apredetermined threshold of an expression level of the marker positivelyassociated with the pancreatic differentiation as compared to theexpression level of the marker in a reference cell, wherein saidreference cell is a definite endodermal cell which expresses SOX17, isindicative of a pancreatic progenitor cell, and alternatively oradditionally (ii) negatively associated with the pancreaticdifferentiation, the marker being selected from the group consisting of:LGR5, CXCR4, FLRT3, TRPA1, SLC40A1, LRIG3, COLEC12, EPSTI1, GPR128,CDH2, SLC5A9, FSHR, SLC30A10, IL13RA1, SLC7A7, PCDH10, SLC1A1, GPR141,LIFR, TMEM27, GPC4, LYPD6B, FOLH1, TRPC4, PCDH7, KEL, KCNJ3, OR2T4,VIPR2, FLRT2, CD34, SLC39A8, CLDN11, CXCR7, ITGA5, ITGAV, CALCR, CLDN18,CCKBR, SLC7A5, TMBIM4, SLCO2A1, CDH10, AMHR2, ASAM, CLDN1, DSCAM,TMEM88, PLXNA2, CD177, TMEM144, GPR37, GJA5, SEMA6D, NIPAL2, GPR151,MCC, TMEM136, KCNG1, LHFPL2, MOSPD1, SLC37A1, LRIT3, EPHA4, GPR177, andIL1R1, wherein a downregulation above a predetermined threshold of anexpression level of the marker negatively associated with the pancreaticdifferentiation as compared to the expression level of the marker in areference cell, wherein said reference cell is a definite endodermalcell which expresses SOX17, is indicative of a pancreatic progenitorcell, thereby identifying the pancreatic progenitor cells.

According to an aspect of some embodiments of the present inventionthere is provided a method of identifying pancreatic progenitor cells,comprising determining in a population of cells which comprisespancreatic progenitor cells at least one marker that is: (i) negativelyassociated with the pancreatic differentiation, the marker beingselected from the group consisting of: LGR5, CCKBR, CXCR4, FLRT3, TRPA1,SLC40A1, LRIG3, COLEC12, EPSTI1, GPR128, CDH2, SLC5A9, FSHR, SLC30A10,IL13RA1, SLC7A7, PCDH10, SLC1A1, GPR141, LIFR, TMEM27, GPC4, LYPD6B,FOLH1, TRPC4, PCDH7, KEL, KCNJ3, OR2T4, VIPR2, FLRT2, CD34, SLC39A8,CLDN11, CXCR7, ITGA5, ITGAV, CALCR, CLDN18, SLC7A5, TMBIM4, SLCO2A1,CDH10, AMHR2, ASAM, CLDN1, DSCAM, TMEM88, PLXNA2, CD177, TMEM144, GPR37,GJA5, SEMA6D, NIPAL2, GPR151, MCC, TMEM136, KCNG1, LHFPL2, MOSPD1,SLC37A1, LRIT3, EPHA4, GPR177, IL1R1, CST1, CER1, ANKRD1, TRY6, HAS2,DKK1, PRSS2, HP, APOA2, RHOBTB3, BMP2, ACE2, STC1, PDZK1, HHEX, VIL1,PRDM1, EOMES, DNAJC15, TNIK, IGFBP5, RLBP1L2, ADAMTS9, EPSTI1, C5,ARHGAP24, TRY6, ANGPT2, TTR, MYL7, FST, KITLG, GATA3, ST8SIA4, CCDC141,TSPYL5, EGFLAM, TTN, LEFTY2, FOXA2, FAM184A, STMN2, DIO3, FN1, PRSS1,NPPB, and OTX2, wherein a downregulation above a predetermined thresholdof an expression level of the marker negatively associated with thepancreatic differentiation as compared to the expression level of themarker in a reference cell, wherein said reference cell is a definiteendodermal cell which expresses SOX17, is indicative of a pancreaticprogenitor cell and alternatively or additionally; (ii) positivelyassociated with the pancreatic differentiation, the marker beingselected from the group consisting of: TACSTD2 (TROP-2), GPR50, BST2,NTRK2, ITGA4, KDR, PTPRN, LGI1, VIPR2, SLC2A1, MUC15, MUC12, LPHN3,MUC16, VTCN1, MMP16, FZD3, ITGB6, GFRA3, ROBO1, NLGN1, MUC12, CNTFR,LPHN1, SULF1, ADAM23, SCUBE3, PLAU, CDON, SLIT2, C7orf68, PLXDC2, CD74,MUC15, GPR56, VTCN1, ITGB6, AREG, BOC, KLRK1, PRTG, PTPRZ1, GABRP, SILV,KIAA1772, PLP1, OVOS, HAPLN1, EPHA7, ENO2, PCDHB5, OVOS, SYT1, DCT,GPAM, SLITRK6, DCC, FREM2, SDK2, CGA, ATP1B2, SEMA3D, PCDHB15, CDH1,WNT8B, LPAR4, NPIPL3, FAM171B, PTN, ABCC2, ADAMTS3, RASA4, CPT1C,SLC6A6, PCDHB3, LRRC37B, RNFT2, KCNG3, TRPC1, ALPPL2, OR4F21, CCL2,KIF5A, OLFM2, CACNG7, MPHOSPH9, SLC13A4, MOXD1, C6orf186, SLC4A8, STX16,AMY2A, SPARCL1, MGP, A2M, DCN, ATP8B1, MMRN1, EMP1, PLA2G2A, PDE3A,TLR3, CYP1B1, PTGIS, RFTN2, PLEKHA2, SMOC1, STOM, JAM2, CHL1, SCG5,IGFBP7, NPR3, IFI6, CR1L, OR2A4, OR2A7, KCNG3, CACNG7, GRID2, CDH1,LPAR3, SEMA6A, PTPRZ1, ATP1A3, CAMKV, SCNN1G, SYT6, SLC18A2, PCDHB5,ABCG2, HLA-DRA, CR1L, HTR2C, EDNRB, PCDH11X, SLC17A7, SCNN1A, CD9,CXCL16, FXYD5, GABRQ, GFRA3, CACNA2D2, CLDN4, PDPN, MMP24, SDK2, GPR176,GPR64, GPR160, PCDH11Y, NKAIN4, ATP1B2, SCN8A, THBS4, CR2, HLA-DQA1,HLA-DRA, HTR7, SLC2A1, HLA-DRA, KCNS3, SLC7A3, HLA-DPB2, CACNA1B,GPR143, ALPPL2, DPPA5, H19, CRYZ, CXCL12, TYW3, ZYG11A, CRABP1, IDO1,POU5F1, HEY2, HIST1H1A, TFAP2C, DPPA2, ZFP42, LECT1, NECAB1, CKMT1A,SAMHD1, FGF2, PLA2G2A, PRDM14, POU5F1, GLI3, GSTT2, OLFML3, DAZL,GALNT3, SOX2, POU5F1B, ACTN3, CPT1A, DCLK1, EDIL3, NANOG, THUMPD3,VASH2, ATCAY, USP44, HIST1H4F, NANOG, PIM2, DNMT3B, ZNF483, FEZF1,SCARNA9L, and SILV, wherein an upregulation above a predeterminedthreshold of an expression level of the marker positively associatedwith the pancreatic differentiation as compared to the expression levelof the marker in a reference cell, wherein said reference cell is adefinite endodermal cell which expresses SOX17, is indicative of apancreatic progenitor cell.

According to an aspect of some embodiments of the present inventionthere is provided a method of identifying pancreatic progenitor cells,comprising determining in a population of cells which comprisespancreatic progenitor cells at least one marker that is: (i) negativelyassociated with pancreatic differentiation, the marker being selectedfrom the group consisting of: LGR5, CCKBR, CXCR4, FLRT3, TRPA1, SLC40A1,LRIG3, COLEC12, EPSTI1, GPR128, CDH2, SLC5A9, FSHR, SLC30A10, IL13RA1,SLC7A7, PCDH10, SLC1A1, GPR141, LIFR, TMEM27, GPC4, LYPD6B, FOLH1,TRPC4, PCDH7, KEL, KCNJ3, OR2T4, VIPR2, FLRT2, CD34, SLC39A8, CLDN11,CXCR7, ITGA5, ITGAV, CALCR, CLDN18, SLC7A5, TMBIM4, SLCO2A1, CDH10,AMHR2, ASAM, CLDN1, DSCAM, TMEM88, PLXNA2, CD177, TMEM144, GPR37, GJA5,SEMA6D, NIPAL2, GPR151, MCC, TMEM136, KCNG1, LHFPL2, MOSPD1, SLC37A1,LRIT3, EPHA4, GPR177, and IL1R1, wherein downregulation above apredetermined threshold of an expression level of the marker negativelyassociated with the pancreatic differentiation as compared to theexpression level of the marker in a reference cell, wherein saidreference cell is a definite endodermal cell which expresses SOX17, isindicative of a pancreatic progenitor cell, and alternatively oradditionally; (ii) positively associated with pancreaticdifferentiation, the marker being selected from the group consisting of:TACSTD2 (TROP-2), GPR50, BST2, NTRK2, ITGA4, KDR, PTPRN, LGI1, VIPR2,SLC2A1, MUC15, MUC12, LPHN3, MUC16, VTCN1, MMP16, FZD3, ITGB6, GFRA3,ROBO1, NLGN1, MUC12, CNTFR, LPHN1, SULF1, ADAM23, SCUBE3, PLAU, CDON,SLIT2, C7orf68, PLXDC2, CD74, MUC15, GPR56, VTCN1, ITGB6, AREG, BOC,KLRK1, PRTG, PTPRZ1, GABRP, SILV, KIAA1772, PLP1, OVOS, HAPLN1, EPHA7,ENO2, PCDHB5, OVOS, SYT1, DCT, GPAM, SLITRK6, DCC, FREM2, SDK2, CGA,ATP1B2, SEMA3D, PCDHB15, CDH1, WNT8B, LPAR4, NPIPL3, FAM171B, PTN,ABCC2, ADAMTS3, RASA4, CPT1C, SLC6A6, PCDHB3, LRRC37B, RNFT2, KCNG3,TRPC1, ALPPL2, OR4F21, CCL2, KIF5A, OLFM2, CACNG7, MPHOSPH9, SLC13A4,MOXD1, C6orf186, SLC4A8, STX16, AMY2A, SPARCL1, MGP, A2M, DCN, ATP8B1,MMRN1, EMP1, PLA2G2A, PDE3A, TLR3, CYP1B1, PTGIS, RFTN2, PLEKHA2, SMOC1,STOM, JAM2, CHL1, SCG5, IGFBP7, NPR3, IFI6, CR1L, OR2A4, OR2A7, KCNG3,CACNG7, GRID2, CDH1, LPAR3, SEMA6A, PTPRZ1, ATP1A3, CAMKV, SCNN1G, SYT6,SLC18A2, PCDHB5, ABCG2, HLA-DRA, CR1L, HTR2C, EDNRB, PCDH11X, SLC17A7,SCNN1A, CD9, CXCL16, FXYD5, GABRQ, GFRA3, CACNA2D2, CLDN4, PTPRN, PLP1,PDPN, MMP24, SDK2, GPR176, GPR64, GPR160, PCDH11Y, NKAIN4, ATP1B2,SCN8A, THBS4, CR2, HLA-DQA1, HLA-DRA, HTR7, SLC2A1, HLA-DRA, KCNS3,SLC7A3, HLA-DPB2, CACNA1B, and GPR143, wherein upregulation above apredetermined threshold of an expression level of the marker positivelyassociated with the pancreatic differentiation as compared to theexpression level of the marker in a reference cell, wherein saidreference cell is a definite endodermal cell which expresses SOX17, isindicative of a pancreatic progenitor cells, and alternatively oradditionally; (iii) negatively associated with pancreaticdifferentiation, the marker being selected from the group consisting of:TMPRSS11E, LGR5, SLC39A8, TM4SF18, CUZD1, GPC4, SLC22A3, CXCR4, NRN1,TMBIM4, THBS2, SLC7A5, and TMEM47, wherein downregulation above apredetermined threshold of an expression level of the marker negativelyassociated with pancreatic differentiation as compared to the expressionlevel of the marker in a reference cell, wherein said reference cell isan undifferentiated human embryonic stem cell (hESC), is indicative of apancreatic progenitor cell, and alternatively or additionally; (iv)positively associated with pancreatic differentiation, the marker beingselected from the group consisting of: TACSTD2 (TROP-2), LRP2, LAMA1,GPC3, LGI1, FN1, LPHN3, FGB, KIT, DPP4, TRO, SPA17, ROBO2, DLK1, BST2,PRTG, LRP2, CACNG7, DLK1, CACNA2D2, CR1L, SCNN1G, HTR2C, LPAR3, THBS3,KCNG3, SDK2, HLA-DRA, SLC18A2, CXCL16, TMEM63C, SLC17A7, GFRA3, PRTG,DKK1, APOA2, AFP, APOB, FLRT3, KIAA1772, FBN2, FRZB, KLK6, FREM2, RSPO3,APOA1, APOA1, SEMA3D, KEL, BMP5, HEPH, STMN2, CACNB3, CHST9, TMC7,FAM171B, ATP5G1, FOLR1, ABCC2, EFNA5, CPT1C, MAGED1, RASA4, KDELR3,ST6GALNAC2, EDNRA, LRRC37B, ABCC4, CLCN5, MBOAT2, SLC44A5, NPC2, ELFN1,MMD, SLC5A3, IMPAD1, OSTC, DSC2, SLC31A1, SLC5A12, LRRN3, NPIPL3, GDPD1,NPIPL3, NPIPL3, LINGO2, and LYPD6B, wherein upregulation above apredetermined threshold of an expression level of the marker positivelyassociated with pancreatic differentiation as compared to the expressionlevel of the marker in a reference cell, wherein said reference cell isan undifferentiated human embryonic stem cell (hESC), is indicative of apancreatic progenitor cell; thereby identifying the pancreaticprogenitor cells.

According to an aspect of some embodiments of the present inventionthere is provided a method of isolating pancreatic progenitor cells,comprising: (a) identifying the pancreatic progenitor cells according tothe method of some embodiments of the invention, and (b) isolating thepancreatic progenitor cells identified according to step (a) to therebyobtain isolated pancreatic progenitor cells, thereby isolating thepancreatic progenitor cells.

According to an aspect of some embodiments of the present inventionthere is provided a method of qualifying a pancreatic progenitor cellpopulation, comprising: determining in a sample of the cell population apercentage of the pancreatic progenitor cells which are identifiedaccording to the method of some embodiments of the invention out of thetotal cells in the sample, thereby qualifying the pancreatic progenitorcell population.

According to an aspect of some embodiments of the present inventionthere is provided a method of isolating endocrine progenitors or insulinproducing cells, comprising culturing the pancreatic progenitor cellsisolated by the method of some embodiments of the invention or thepancreatic progenitor cell population qualified according to the methodof some embodiments of the invention under conditions suitable formaturation of the pancreatic progenitor cells into endocrine progenitorsor beta cells, thereby generating insulin producing cells.

According to an aspect of some embodiments of the present inventionthere is provided a method of transplanting pancreatic progenitor cellsor cells derived therefrom in a subject, comprising (a) qualifying thepancreatic progenitor cells according to the method of some embodimentsof the invention, wherein presence of at least a predeterminedpercentage of the pancreatic progenitor cells in the cell sampleindicates the suitability of the pancreatic progenitor cells fortransplantation in a subject, to thereby obtain a pancreatic progenitorcell population being suitable for transplantation in a subject, (b)transplanting in the subject the pancreatic progenitor cell populationbeing suitable for transplantation in a subject or cells derivedtherefrom, thereby transplanting the pancreatic progenitor cells orcells derived therefrom in the subject.

According to an aspect of some embodiments of the present inventionthere is provided a method of identifying definite endodermal cells,comprising determining in a population of cells which comprises definiteendodermal cells at least one marker that is negatively associated withdefinite endodermal cells, the marker being selected from the groupconsisting of: KDR, PCDHB5, FAT4, FLT1, NRN1, THBS2, PTPRZ1, SLC6A15,GPR176, SEMA6A, THBS1, CDH11, GRID2, SLC7A11, CDH1, LRFN5, EDNRB, THY1,NETO1, KCND2, TMPRSS11E, CD44, PDPN, SLC7A1, KAL1, KCNG3, GPM6B, FXYD5,PCDH18, ICAM3, MCTP1, TACR3, and TMEM155, wherein downregulation above apredetermined threshold of an expression level of the marker negativelyassociated with the definite endodermal cells as compared to theexpression level of the marker in a reference cell, wherein saidreference cell is an undifferentiated human embryonic stem cell (hESC),is indicative of a definite endodermal cell.

According to an aspect of some embodiments of the present inventionthere is provided a method of identifying definite endodermal cells,comprising determining in a population of cells which comprises definiteendodermal cells at least one marker that is positively associated withdefinite endodermal cells, the marker being selected from the groupconsisting of: FSHR, COLEC12, ROR2 ITGA5, LRP2, CD177, CCKBR, TRPA1,KEL, FOLR1, FOLH1, APOA1, APOA1, FZD5, FN1, BMP2, ADAMTS9, DPP4, FGA,GPR128, IGFBP5, LIFR, FZD4, PRTG, STC1, TNFSF4, CD177, IHH, LAMA1, GPC3,LGI1, FN1, LPHN3, FGB, KIT, DPP4, TRO, SPA17, ROBO2, DLK1, CST1, DKK1,HAS2, APOA2, CDH2, LGR5, AFP, FLRT3, APOB, DGKK, HP, SYTL5, SLC7A7, TTR,FRZB, RSPO3, GCNT1, DIO3, TMEM27, APOC1, EPHA4, C4orf18, GLIPR2, PCDH10,F10, BMP5, FMO5, STMN2, SLC5A9, PORCN, EGFLAM, RAB17, CST2, PNPLA3,MOSPD1, ELMO1, CHST9, SLC30A10, TMC7, C8orf49, CDH12, ST8SIA4, SLCO2A1,MANEA, LRIG3, HCN1, ADAMTS12, TMEM144, VTN, CAMK2N1, ABCC4, PCDH7,OR2T4, UNC93A, COL4A6, PAMR1, SLC1A1, PROS1, APOM, APOM, APOM, LYPD6B,TMEM88, ITLN2, BMPER, GPR141, VEGFA, DKK1, APOA2, AFP, APOB, FLRT3,KIAA1772, FBN2, FRZB, KLK6, FREM2, RSPO3, APOA1, APOA1, SEMA3D, KEL,BMP5, HEPH, STMN2, CACNB3, CHST9, TMC7, FAM171B, ATP5G1, FOLR1, ABCC2,EFNA5, CPT1C, MAGED1, RASA4, KDELR3, ST6GALNAC2, EDNRA, LRRC37B, ABCC4,CLCN5, MBOAT2, SLC44A5, NPC2, ELFN1, MMD, SLC5A3, IMPAD1, OSTC, DSC2,SLC31A1, SLC5A12, LRRN3, NPIPL3, GDPD1, NPIPL3, NPIPL3, LINGO2, LYPD6B,TRPA1, SLC40A1, SLC30A10, CCKBR, VIPR2, COLEC12, FLRT3, LGR5, GPR141,BST2, SLC5A9, GPR128, KEL, LRIG3, LYPD6B, FSHR, LIFR, FOLH1, CXCR4,ITGA5, AMOT, LY6E, SEMA6D, GJA5, PRTG, CD34, TMEM144, ROR2, GPR177,OR2T4, SLC7A7, KCNJ3, CLDN18, GPR151, SLC44A5, CDH10, TMEM27, SLC1A1,TMEM56, CD177, PLXNA2, SLC26A2, DSCAM, TMEM133, IL13RA1, ATP2B1, CD302,MEGF9, EDNRA, CDH2, GPR161, TYRO3, FLRT2, LRIT3, PCDH7, NRCAM, SMAGP,AMHR2, ELTD1, GRPR, EPHA4, and CD99, wherein upregulation above apredetermined threshold of an expression level of the marker positivelyassociated with the definite endodermal cells as compared to theexpression level of the marker in a reference cell, wherein saidreference cell is an undifferentiated human embryonic stem cell (hESC),is indicative of a definite endodermal cell.

According to an aspect of some embodiments of the present inventionthere is provided a method of isolating definite endodermal cells,comprising: (a) identifying the definite endodermal cells according tothe method of some embodiments of the invention, (b) isolating thedefinite endodermal cells identified according to step (a) to therebyobtain an isolated population of the definite endodermal cells, therebyisolating the definite endodermal cells.

According to an aspect of some embodiments of the present inventionthere is provided a method of qualifying a definite endodermal cellpopulation, comprising: determining in a sample of the cell population apercentage of the definite endodermal cells which are identifiedaccording to the method of some embodiments of the invention out of thetotal cells in the sample, thereby qualifying the definite endodermalcell population.

According to an aspect of some embodiments of the present inventionthere is provided an isolated population of pancreatic progenitor cellsobtained according to the method of some embodiments of the invention.

According to an aspect of some embodiments of the present inventionthere is provided an isolated population of pancreatic progenitor cells,comprising at least 75% of cells having a TROP-2+ and/or TROP-2+/GPR50+expression pattern.

According to an aspect of some embodiments of the present inventionthere is provided an isolated population of definite endodermal cellsobtained according to the method of some embodiments of the invention.

According to an aspect of some embodiments of the present inventionthere is provided an isolated population of definite endodermal cells,comprising at least 50% of cells having a SOX17+/SOX7+ expressionpattern.

According to an aspect of some embodiments of the present inventionthere is provided a nucleic acid construct comprising a firstpolynucleotide encoding a reporter protein and a second polynucleotidewhich comprises a human endogenous SOX17 regulatory sequence, whereinthe first polynucleotide being under transcriptional regulation of theSOX17 regulatory sequence, wherein the SOX17 regulatory sequencecomprises an upstream sequence and a downstream sequence, wherein theupstream sequence comprises the nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ IDNO:38; and wherein the downstream sequence comprises the nucleotidesequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:39.

According to an aspect of some embodiments of the invention there isprovided a nucleic acid construct comprising a first polynucleotideencoding a reporter protein and a second polynucleotide which comprisesa human endogenous PDX1 regulatory sequence, wherein the firstpolynucleotide being under transcriptional regulation of the PDX1regulatory sequence, wherein the PDX1 regulatory sequence comprises anupstream sequence and a downstream sequence, wherein the upstreamsequence comprises the nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:16;and wherein the downstream sequence comprises the nucleotide sequenceset forth in SEQ ID NO:17.

According to an aspect of some embodiments of the present inventionthere is provided a cell comprising the nucleic acid construct of someembodiments of the invention.

According to an aspect of some embodiments of the present inventionthere is provided a method of screening for markers which differentiatea definite endodermal cell from an undifferentiated pluripotent stemcell, comprising comparing the expression level of markers between theundifferentiated pluripotent stem cell and the cell of some embodimentsof the invention, wherein upregulation or downregulation in theexpression level above a predetermined threshold indicates that themarkers differentiate the definite endodermal cell from theundifferentiated pluripotent stem cell, thereby screening for markerswhich differentiate the definite endodermal cell from theundifferentiated pluripotent stem cell.

According to an aspect of some embodiments of the present inventionthere is provided a method of screening for compounds capable ofinducing differentiation of undifferentiated pluripotent stem cells todefinite endodermal cells, comprising: (a) contacting undifferentiatedpluripotent stem cells which comprise the nucleic acid construct of someembodiments of the invention with at least one compound of a pluralityof candidate compounds, and; (b) monitoring an expression level of thereporter protein in the cells following the contacting, wherein anincrease above a predetermined level in the expression level of thereporter protein following the contacting as compared to the expressionlevel prior to the contacting is indicative that the at least onecompound is capable of inducing differentiation of the undifferentiatedpluripotent stem cells to the definite endodermal cells, therebyscreening for the compounds capable of inducing differentiation ofundifferentiated pluripotent stem cells to definite endodermal cells.

According to an aspect of some embodiments of the present inventionthere is provided a cell comprising the nucleic acid construct of someembodiments of the invention.

According to an aspect of some embodiments of the present inventionthere is provided a method of screening for markers which differentiatea pancreatic progenitor cell from a definite endodermal cell, comprisingcomparing the expression level of markers between the cell of someembodiments of the invention and the cell of some embodiments of theinvention, wherein upregulation or downregulation in the expressionlevel above a predetermined threshold indicates that the markersdifferentiate the pancreatic progenitor cell from the definiteendodermal cell, thereby screening for markers which differentiate thepancreatic progenitor cell from the definite endodermal cell.

According to an aspect of some embodiments of the present inventionthere is provided a method of screening for compounds capable ofinducing differentiation of definite endodermal cells orundifferentiated pluripotent stem cells to pancreatic progenitor cells,comprising: (a) contacting definite endodermal cells or undifferentiatedpluripotent stem cells which comprise the nucleic acid construct of someembodiments of the invention with at least one compound of a pluralityof candidate compounds, and; (b) monitoring an expression level of thereporter protein in the cells following the contacting, wherein anincrease above a predetermined level in the expression level of thereporter protein following the contacting as compared to the expressionlevel prior to the contacting is indicative that the at least onecompound is capable of inducing differentiation of the definiteendodermal cells or undifferentiated pluripotent stem cells to thepancreatic progenitor cells, thereby screening for the compounds capableof inducing differentiation of definite endodermal cells orundifferentiated pluripotent stem cells to the pancreatic progenitorcells.

According to an aspect of some embodiments of the present inventionthere is provided a kit for screening for markers which differentiate adefinite endodermal cell from a pluripotent stem cell, comprising thecell of some embodiments of the invention.

According to an aspect of some embodiments of the present inventionthere is provided a kit for screening for markers which differentiate apancreatic progenitor cell from a definite endodermal cell, comprisingthe cell of some embodiments of the invention and the cell of someembodiments of the invention.

According to some embodiments of the invention, the method furthercomprising determining in a population of cells which comprisespancreatic progenitor cells at least one marker that is: (i) negativelyassociated with the pancreatic differentiation, the marker beingselected from the group consisting of: CST1, CER1, ANKRD1, TRY6, HAS2,DKK1, PRSS2, HP, APOA2, RHOBTB3, BMP2, ACE2, STC1, PDZK1, HHEX, VIL1,PRDM1, EOMES, DNAJC15, TNIK, IGFBP5, RLBP1L2, ADAMTS9, EPSTI1, C5,ARHGAP24, TRY6, ANGPT2, TTR, MYL7, FST, KITLG, GATA3, ST8SIA4, CCDC141,TSPYL5, EGFLAM, TTN, LEFTY2, FOXA2, FAM184A, STMN2, DIO3, FN1, PRSS1,NPPB, and OTX2, wherein a downregulation above a predetermined thresholdof an expression level of the marker negatively associated with thepancreatic differentiation as compared to the expression level of themarker in a reference cell, wherein said reference cell is a definiteendodermal cell which expresses SOX17, is indicative of a pancreaticprogenitor cell and alternatively or additionally; (ii) positivelyassociated with the pancreatic differentiation, the marker beingselected from the group consisting of: ALPPL2, DPPA5, H19, CRYZ, CXCL12,TYW3, ZYG11A, CRABP1, IDO1, POU5F1, HEY2, HIST1H1A, TFAP2C, DPPA2,ZFP42, LECT1, NECAB1, CKMT1A, SAMHD1, FGF2, PLA2G2A, PRDM14, POU5F1,GLI3, GSTT2, OLFML3, DAZL, GALNT3, SOX2, POU5F1B, ACTN3, CPT1A, DCLK1,EDIL3, NANOG, THUMPD3, VASH2, ATCAY, USP44, HIST1H4F, NANOG, PIM2,DNMT3B, ZNF483, FEZF1, SCARNA9L, and SILV, wherein an upregulation abovea predetermined threshold of an expression level of the markerpositively associated with the pancreatic differentiation as compared tothe expression level of the marker in a reference cell, wherein saidreference cell is a definite endodermal cell which expresses SOX17, isindicative of a pancreatic progenitor cell.

According to some embodiments of the invention, the method furthercomprising determining in a population of cells which comprisespancreatic progenitor cells at least one marker that is: (i) negativelyassociated with the pancreatic differentiation, the marker beingselected from the group consisting of: TMPRSS11E, LGR5, SLC39A8,TM4SF18, CUZD1, GPC4, SLC22A3, CXCR4, NRN1, TMBIM4, THBS2, SLC7A5,TMEM47, NTS, CER1, CST1, NODAL, PRRX1, KGFLP1, NFIB, GCNT4, MIXL1, CAV1,LUM, RASGRF2, OXCT1, GLIPR1, VSNL1, FST, POSTN, GNA14, CBR1, TNIK, RGS5,KGFLP1, ETS1, MPPED2, ACTA2, SEMA3A, DACT1, ANXA1, COL12A1, KITLG, MMP2,DLEU2, ACE2, ACTG2, PUS7L, RNU5B-1, COL3A1, LEFTY2, NPPB, S1AE, AFP,ZFP42, HAS2, TRY6, NR5A2, and EBF1, wherein a downregulation above apredetermined threshold of an expression level of the marker negativelyassociated with the pancreatic differentiation as compared to theexpression level of the marker in a reference cell, wherein saidreference cell is an undifferentiated human embryonic stem cell (hESC),is indicative of a pancreatic progenitor cell, and alternatively oradditionally; (ii) positively associated with the pancreaticdifferentiation, the marker being selected from the group consisting of:TACSTD2 (TROP-2), BST2 LRP2, LAMA1, GPC3, LGI1, FN1, LPHN3, FGB, KIT,DPP4, TRO, SPA17, ROBO2, DLK1, PRTG, DKK1, APOA2, AFP, APOB, FLRT3,KIAA1772, FBN2, FRZB, KLK6, FREM2, RSPO3, APOA1, APOA1, SEMA3D, KEL,BMP5, HEPH, STMN2, CACNB3, CHST9, TMC7, FAM171B, ATP5G1, FOLR1, ABCC2,EFNA5, CPT1C, MAGED1, RASA4, KDELR3, ST6GALNAC2, EDNRA, LRRC37B, ABCC4,CLCN5, MBOAT2, SLC44A5, NPC2, ELFN1, MMD, SLC5A3, IMPAD1, OSTC, DSC2,SLC31A1, SLC5A12, LRRN3, NPIPL3, GDPD1, NPIPL3, NPIPL3, LINGO2, LYPD6B,PRTG, LRP2, CACNG7, DLK1, CACNA2D2, CR1L, SCNN1G, HTR2C, LPAR3, THBS3,KCNG3, SDK2, HLA-DRA, SLC18A2, CXCL16, TMEM63C, SLC17A7, GFRA3, DPPA5,ALPPL2, CRYZ, H19, ZYG11A, TYW3, ARRDC4, TXNIP, FOS, NCRNA00173, GSTT2,C3, DDX43, B2M, PYGM, CYP4F22, ZNF578, ENO2, ZNF248, NLRP4, SNORD59B,SNORD113-4, CASZ1, MIR21, IFI16, ZNF560, TDRD1, ZNF680, HSPA1B, HSPA1A,EGR1, RASGRP2, ASMTL, CPT1C, ATCAY, ACSF2, PAMR1, SILV, ACTN3, HORMAD1,ACSM3, RNF157, SAMHD1, and RCN1, wherein an upregulation above apredetermined threshold of an expression level of the marker positivelyassociated with the pancreatic differentiation as compared to theexpression level of the marker in a reference cell, wherein saidreference cell is an undifferentiated human embryonic stem cell (hESC),is indicative of a pancreatic progenitor cell.

According to some embodiments of the invention, the population of cellswhich comprises pancreatic progenitor cells express a transcriptionfactor selected from the group consisting of PDX1, ngn3, pax4, hlxb9,nkx6.1, Hnf6, and sox9.

According to some embodiments of the invention, the definite endodermalcells are identified by a method comprising determining in a populationof cells which comprises definite endodermal cells at least one markerthat is: (i) negatively associated with definite endodermal cells, themarker being selected from the group consisting of: KDR, PCDHB5, FAT4,FLT1, NRN1, THBS2, PTPRZ1, SLC6A15, GPR176, SEMA6A, THBS1, CDH11, GRID2,SLC7A11, CDH1, LRFN5, EDNRB, THY1, NETO1, KCND2, TMPRSS11E, CD44, PDPN,SLC7A1, KAL1, KCNG3, GPM6B, FXYD5, PCDH18, ICAM3, MCTP1, TACR3, TMEM155,ZFP42, THUMPD3, ANXA1, SPP1, PRDM14, GNA14, EDIL3, CXCL12, PSMD5, PRRX1,NANOG, TRIM22, NANOG, RASGRF2, POU5F1B, POLR3G, HHLA1, POU5F1, VSNL1,SCG3, B3GALT1, LECT1, NTS, MBNL1, CKMT1A, NECAB1, FGF2, SFRP2, DCLK1,DACT1, CRABP1, TFAP2C, SCGB3A2, LRAT, CUZD1, GLB1L3, METTL7A, VAT1L,COL12A1, OLFML3, SOX2, USP44, HIST1H4F, KGFLP1, CPT1A, and DBC1, whereindownregulation above a predetermined threshold of an expression level ofthe marker negatively associated with definite endodermal cells ascompared to the expression level of the marker in a reference cell,wherein said reference cell is an undifferentiated human embryonic stemcell (hESC), is indicative of a definite endodermal cell, andalternatively or additionally; (ii) positively associated with definiteendodermal cells, the marker being selected from the group consistingof: FLRT3, FSHR, LIFR, ROR2, KEL, TRPA1, CD177, CCKBR, APOA1, APOA1,FZD5, FN1, BMP2, ADAMTS9, DPP4, FGA, COLEC12, GPR128, IGFBP5, FZD4,ITGA5, STC1, TNFSF4, CD177, IHH, LRP2, LAMA1, GPC3, LGI1, FN1, LPHN3,FGB, KIT, DPP4, TRO, SPA17, ROBO2, DLK1, CST1, DKK1, HAS2, APOA2, CDH2,LGR5, AFP, APOB, DGKK, HP, SYTL5, SLC7A7, TTR, FRZB, RSPO3, GCNT1, DIO3,TMEM27, APOC1, EPHA4, C4orf18, GLIPR2, PCDH10, F10, BMP5, FMO5, FOLR1,STMN2, SLC5A9, PORCN, EGFLAM, RAB17, CST2, PNPLA3, MOSPD1, ELMO1, CHST9,SLC30A10, TMC7, C8orf49, CDH12, ST8SIA4, SLCO2A1, MANEA, LRIG3, HCN1,ADAMTS12, FOLH1, TMEM144, VTN, CAMK2N1, ABCC4, PCDH7, OR2T4, UNC93A,COL4A6, PAMR1, SLC1A1, PROS1, APOM, APOM, APOM, LYPD6B, TMEM88, ITLN2,BMPER, GPR141, VEGFA, PRTG, DKK1, APOA2, AFP, APOB, FLRT3, KIAA1772,FBN2, FRZB, KLK6, FREM2, RSPO3, APOA1, APOA1, SEMA3D, KEL, BMP5, HEPH,STMN2, CACNB3, CHST9, TMC7, FAM171B, ATP5G1, FOLR1, ABCC2, EFNA5, CPT1C,MAGED1, RASA4, KDELR3, ST6GALNAC2, EDNRA, LRRC37B, ABCC4, CLCN5, MBOAT2,SLC44A5, NPC2, ELFN1, MMD, SLC5A3, IMPAD1, OSTC, DSC2, SLC31A1, SLC5A12,LRRN3, NPIPL3, GDPD1, NPIPL3, NPIPL3, LINGO2, SLC40A1, SLC30A10, CCKBR,VIPR2, COLEC12, FLRT3, LGR5, GPR141, BST2, SLC5A9, GPR128, KEL, LRIG3,LYPD6B, FSHR, LIFR, FOLH1, CXCR4, ITGA5, AMOT, LY6E, SEMA6D, GJA5, PRTG,CD34, TMEM144, ROR2, GPR177, OR2T4, SLC7A7, KCNJ3, CLDN18, GPR151,SLC44A5, CDH10, TMEM27, SLC1A1, TMEM56, CD177, PLXNA2, SLC26A2, DSCAM,TMEM133, IL13RA1, ATP2B1, CD302, MEGF9, EDNRA, CDH2, GPR161, TYRO3,FLRT2, LRIT3, PCDH7, NRCAM, SMAGP, AMHR2, ELTD1, GRPR, EPHA4, CD99,GATA3, SEMA3E, HHEX, ZNF280A, FAM184A, WDR72, PDZK1, RLBP1L2, SHISA2,VIL1, STMN2, APOA2, SERHL, PPFIBP2, DKK1, MUM1L1, IGFBP5, ST6GALNAC2,TSPYL5, STC1, SYTL5, EPSTI1, ANKRD1, ARHGAP24, KRT18P49, PRSS2, RHOBTB3,FRZB, RARB, ADAMTS9, ARL4D, PRDM1, HP, FZD5, TRY6, ATP6V0D2, ANGPT2,DENND2C, BMP5, FOXA2, HAS2, BMP2, S100A16, FOLH1B, FAM122C, and FZD4,wherein upregulation above a predetermined threshold of an expressionlevel of the marker positively associated with definite endodermal cellsas compared to the expression level of the marker in a reference cell,wherein said reference cell is an undifferentiated human embryonic stemcell (hESC), is indicative of a definite endodermal cell, therebyidentifying the definite endodermal cells.

According to some embodiments of the invention, the at least one markerpositively associated with pancreatic differentiation is selected fromthe group consisting of: TACSTD2 (TROP-2), GPR50, BST2, LGI1, VIPR2,SLC2A1, MUC15, MUC12, LPHN3, MUC16, VTCN1, MMP16, FZD3, ITGB6, GFRA3,ROBO1, NLGN1, MUC12, CNTFR, LPHN1, SULF1, ADAM23, SCUBE3, PLAU, CDON,SLIT2, C7orf68, PLXDC2, CD74, MUC15, GPR56, VTCN1, ITGB6, NTRK2, AREG,BOC, ITGA4, KLRK1, PRTG, PTPRZ1, GABRP, SILV, KIAA1772, PLP1, OVOS,HAPLN1, EPHA7, ENO2, PCDHB5, OVOS, SYT1, DCT, GPAM, SLITRK6, DCC, FREM2,SDK2, CGA, ATP1B2, SEMA3D, PCDHB15, CDH1, WNT8B, LPAR4, NPIPL3, FAM171B,PTN, ABCC2, ADAMTS3, RASA4, CPT1C, SLC6A6, PCDHB3, LRRC37B, RNFT2,KCNG3, TRPC1, ALPPL2, OR4F21, CCL2, KIF5A, OLFM2, CACNG7, MPHOSPH9,SLC13A4, MOXD1, C6orf186, SLC4A8, STX16, AMY2A, SPARCL1, MGP, A2M, DCN,ATP8B1, MMRN1, EMP1, PLA2G2A, PDE3A, TLR3, CYP1B1, PTGIS, RFTN2,PLEKHA2, SMOC1, STOM, JAM2, CHL1, SCG5, IGFBP7, NPR3, IFI6, CR1L, OR2A4,and OR2A7.

According to some embodiments of the invention, the at least one markerpositively associated with pancreatic differentiation is selected fromthe group consisting of: TACSTD2 (TROP-2), BST2, GPR50, ROBO1, NTRK2,ITGA4, LGI1, VIPR2, SLC2A1, MUC15, MUC12, LPHN3, MUC16, VTCN1, MMP16,FZD3, ITGB6, GFRA3, NLGN1, MUC12, CNTFR, LPHN1, SULF1, ADAM23, SCUBE3,PLAU, CDON, SLIT2, C7orf68, PLXDC2, CD74, MUC15, GPR56, VTCN1, ITGB6,AREG, BOC, and KLRK1.

According to some embodiments of the invention, the at least one markerpositively associated with pancreatic differentiation is TROP-2.

According to some embodiments of the invention, the at least one markerpositively associated with pancreatic differentiation is GPR50.

According to some embodiments of the invention, the at least one markerpositively associated with pancreatic differentiation comprises at leasttwo markers, said at least two markers are TROP-2 and GPR50.

According to some embodiments of the invention, the at least one markerpositively associated with pancreatic differentiation comprises at leastthree markers, said at least three markers comprise TROP-2, GPR50 and amarker selected from the group consisting of BST2, NTRK2, ITGA4, KDR,PTPRN, LGI1, VIPR2, SLC2A1, MUC15, MUC12, LPHN3, MUC16, VTCN1, MMP16,FZD3, ITGB6, GFRA3, ROBO1, NLGN1, MUC12, CNTFR, LPHN1, SULF1, ADAM23,SCUBE3, PLAU, CDON, SLIT2, C7orf68, PLXDC2, CD74, MUC15, GPR56, VTCN1,ITGB6, AREG, BOC, KLRK1, PRTG, PTPRZ1, GABRP, SILV, KIAA1772, PLP1,OVOS, HAPLN1, EPHA7, ENO2, PCDHB5, OVOS, SYT1, DCT, GPAM, SLITRK6, DCC,FREM2, SDK2, CGA, ATP1B2, SEMA3D, PCDHB15, CDH1, WNT8B, LPAR4, NPIPL3,FAM171B, PTN, ABCC2, ADAMTS3, RASA4, CPT1C, SLC6A6, PCDHB3, LRRC37B,RNFT2, KCNG3, TRPC1, ALPPL2, OR4F21, CCL2, KIF5A, OLFM2, CACNG7,MPHOSPH9, SLC13A4, MOXD1, C6orf186, SLC4A8, STX16, AMY2A, SPARCL1, MGP,A2M, DCN, ATP8B1, MMRN1, EMP1, PLA2G2A, PDE3A, TLR3, CYP1B1, PTGIS,RFTN2, PLEKHA2, SMOC1, STOM, JAM2, CHL1, SCG5, IGFBP7, NPR3, IFI6, CR1L,OR2A4, OR2A7, KCNG3, CACNG7, GRID2, CDH1, LPAR3, SEMA6A, PTPRZ1, ATP1A3,CAMKV, SCNN1G, SYT6, SLC18A2, PCDHB5, ABCG2, HLA-DRA, CR1L, HTR2C,EDNRB, PCDH11X, SLC17A7, SCNN1A, CD9, CXCL16, FXYD5, GABRQ, GFRA3,CACNA2D2, CLDN4, PLP1, PDPN, MMP24, SDK2, GPR176, GPR64, GPR160,PCDH11Y, NKAIN4, ATP1B2, SCN8A, THBS4, CR2, HLA-DQA1, HLA-DRA, HTR7,SLC2A1, HLA-DRA, KCNS3, SLC7A3, HLA-DPB2, CACNA1B, and GPR143

According to some embodiments of the invention, the at least one markerpositively associated with definite endodermal cells is selected fromthe group consisting of: COLEC12, ROR2, FLRT3, LGR5, LIFR, KEL, FSHR,TRPA1, FOLR1, LRP2, FOLH1, CD177, CCKBR, ITGA5, FZD5, FN1, BMP2,ADAMTS9, DPP4, FGA, GPR128, IGFBP5, FZD4, STC1, TNFSF4, CD177, IHH,APOA1, LAMA1, GPC3, LGI1, FN1, LPHN3, FGB, KIT, DPP4, TRO, SPA17, ROBO2,DLK1, CST1, DKK1, HAS2, APOA2, CDH2, AFP, APOB, DGKK, HP, SYTL5, SLC7A7,TTR, FRZB, RSPO3, GCNT1, DIO3, TMEM27, APOC1, EPHA4, C4orf18, GLIPR2,PCDH10, F10, BMP5, FMO5, STMN2, SLC5A9, PORCN, EGFLAM, RAB17, CST2,PNPLA3, MOSPD1, ELMO1, CHST9, SLC30A10, TMC7, C8orf49, CDH12, ST8SIA4,SLCO2A1, MANEA, LRIG3, HCN1, ADAMTS12, TMEM144, VTN, CAMK2N1, ABCC4,PCDH7, OR2T4, UNC93A, COL4A6, PAMR1, SLC1A1, PROS1, APOM, APOM, APOM,LYPD6B, TMEM88, ITLN2, BMPER, GPR141, VEGFA, PRTG, DKK1, APOA2, AFP,APOB, FLRT3, KIAA1772, FBN2, FRZB, KLK6, FREM2, RSPO3, APOA1, APOA1,SEMA3D, KEL, BMP5, HEPH, STMN2, CACNB3, CHST9, TMC7, FAM171B, ATP5G1,FOLR1, ABCC2, EFNA5, CPT1C, MAGED1, RASA4, KDELR3, ST6GALNAC2, EDNRA,LRRC37B, ABCC4, CLCN5, MBOAT2, SLC44A5, NPC2, ELFN1, MMD, SLC5A3,IMPAD1, OSTC, DSC2, SLC31A1, SLC5A12, LRRN3, NPIPL3, GDPD1, NPIPL3,NPIPL3, LINGO2, and LYPD6B.

According to some embodiments of the invention, the at least one markerpositively associated with definite endodermal cells is selected fromthe group consisting of: FSHR, LIFR, COLEC12, ROR2, ITGA5, CD177, CCKBR,APOA1, APOA1, FZD5, FN1, BMP2, ADAMTS9, DPP4, FGA, GPR128, IGFBP5, FZD4,STC1, TNFSF4, CD177, IHH, LRP2, LAMA1, GPC3, LGI1, FN1, LPHN3, FGB, KIT,DPP4, TRO, SPA17, ROBO2, and DLK1.

According to some embodiments of the invention, the cell samplecomprises the isolated pancreatic progenitor cells of some embodimentsof the invention.

According to some embodiments of the invention, presence of at least apredetermined percentage of the pancreatic progenitor cells in the cellsample indicates the suitability of the pancreatic progenitor cells fortransplantation in a subject.

According to some embodiments of the invention, the method furthercomprising determining in the population of cells which comprisesdefinite endodermal cells at least one marker that is positivelyassociated with definite endodermal cells, the marker being selectedfrom the group consisting of: FSHR, COLEC12, ROR2, LIFR, LIFR, FLRT3,KEL, LGR5, FOLR1, CD177, CCKBR, APOA1, APOA1, FZD5, FN1, BMP2, ADAMTS9,DPP4, FGA, GPR128, IGFBP5, FZD4, ITGA5, STC1, TNFSF4, CD177, IHH, LRP2,LAMA1, GPC3, LGI1, FN1, LPHN3, FGB, KIT, DPP4, TRO, SPA17, ROBO2, DLK1,CST1, DKK1, HAS2, APOA2, CDH2, AFP, APOB, DGKK, HP, SYTL5, SLC7A7, TTR,FRZB, RSPO3, GCNT1, TRPA1, DIO3, TMEM27, APOC1, EPHA4, C4orf18, GLIPR2,PCDH10, F10, BMP5, FMO5, STMN2, SLC5A9, PORCN, EGFLAM, RAB17, CST2,PNPLA3, MOSPD1, ELMO1, CHST9, SLC30A10, TMC7, C8orf49, CDH12, ST8SIA4,SLCO2A1, MANEA, LRIG3, HCN1, ADAMTS12, FOLH1, TMEM144, VTN, CAMK2N1,ABCC4, PCDH7, OR2T4, UNC93A, COL4A6, PAMR1, SLC1A1, PROS1, APOM, APOM,APOM, LYPD6B, TMEM88, ITLN2, BMPER, GPR141, VEGFA, PRTG, DKK1, APOA2,AFP, APOB, FLRT3, KIAA1772, FBN2, FRZB, KLK6, FREM2, RSPO3, APOA1,APOA1, SEMA3D, KEL, BMP5, HEPH, STMN2, CACNB3, CHST9, TMC7, FAM171B,ATP5G1, FOLR1, ABCC2, EFNA5, CPT1C, MAGED1, RASA4, KDELR3, ST6GALNAC2,EDNRA, LRRC37B, ABCC4, CLCN5, MBOAT2, SLC44A5, NPC2, ELFN1, MMD, SLC5A3,IMPAD1, OSTC, DSC2, SLC31A1, SLC5A12, LRRN3, NPIPL3, GDPD1, NPIPL3,NPIPL3, LINGO2, LYPD6B, TRPA1, SLC40A1, SLC30A10, CCKBR, VIPR2, COLEC12,FLRT3, LGR5, GPR141, BST2, SLC5A9, GPR128, KEL, LRIG3, LYPD6B, FSHR,LIFR, FOLH1, CXCR4, ITGA5, AMOT, LY6E, SEMA6D, GJA5, PRTG, CD34,TMEM144, ROR2, GPR177, OR2T4, SLC7A7, KCNJ3, CLDN18, GPR151, SLC44A5,CDH10, TMEM27, SLC1A1, TMEM56, CD177, PLXNA2, SLC26A2, DSCAM, TMEM133,IL13RA1, ATP2B1, CD302, MEGF9, EDNRA, CDH2, GPR161, TYRO3, FLRT2, LRIT3,PCDH7, NRCAM, SMAGP, AMHR2, ELTD1, GRPR, EPHA4, CD99, GATA3, SEMA3E,HHEX, ZNF280A, FAM184A, WDR72, PDZK1, RLBP1L2, SHISA2, VIL1, STMN2,APOA2, SERHL, PPFIBP2, DKK1, MUM1L1, IGFBP5, ST6GALNAC2, TSPYL5, STC1,SYTL5, EPSTI1, ANKRD1, ARHGAP24, KRT18P49, PRSS2, RHOBTB3, FRZB, RARB,ADAMTS9, ARL4D, PRDM1, HP, FZD5, TRY6, ATP6V0D2, ANGPT2, DENND2C, BMP5,FOXA2, HAS2, BMP2, S100A16, FOLH1B, FAM122C, and FZD4, whereinupregulation above a predetermined threshold of an expression level ofthe marker positively associated with definite endodermal cells ascompared to the expression level of the marker in a reference cell,wherein said reference cell is an undifferentiated human embryonic stemcell (hESC), is indicative of a definite endodermal cell.

According to some embodiments of the invention, the method furthercomprising determining in the population of cells which comprisesdefinite endodermal cells at least one marker that is positivelyassociated with definite endodermal cells, the marker being selectedfrom the group consisting of: GATA3, SEMA3E, HHEX, ZNF280A, FAM184A,WDR72, PDZK1, RLBP1L2, SHISA2, VIL1, STMN2, APOA2, SERHL, PPFIBP2, DKK1,MUM1L1, IGFBP5, ST6GALNAC2, TSPYL5, STC1, SYTL5, EPSTI1, ANKRD1,ARHGAP24, KRT18P49, PRSS2, RHOBTB3, FRZB, RARB, ADAMTS9, ARL4D, PRDM1,HP, FZD5, TRY6, ATP6V0D2, ANGPT2, DENND2C, BMP5, FOXA2, HAS2, BMP2,S100A16, FOLH1B, FAM122C, and FZD4, wherein upregulation above apredetermined threshold of an expression level of the definiteendodermal cells as compared to the expression level of the marker in areference cell, wherein said reference cell is an undifferentiated humanembryonic stem cell (hESC), is indicative of a definite endodermal cell.

According to some embodiments of the invention, the method furthercomprising determining in the population of cells which comprisesdefinite endodermal cells at least one marker that is negativelyassociated with definite endodermal cells, the marker being selectedfrom the group consisting of: KDR, PCDHB5, FAT4, FLT1, NRN1, THBS2,PTPRZ1, SLC6A15, GPR176, SEMA6A, THBS1, CDH11, GRID2, SLC7A11, CDH1,LRFN5, EDNRB, THY1, NETO1, KCND2, TMPRSS11E, CD44, PDPN, SLC7A1, KAL1,KCNG3, GPM6B, FXYD5, PCDH18, ICAM3, MCTP1, TACR3, TMEM155, ZFP42,THUMPD3, ANXA1, SPP1, PRDM14, GNA14, EDIL3, CXCL12, PSMD5, PRRX1, NANOG,TRIM22, NANOG, RASGRF2, POU5F1B, POLR3G, HHLA1, POU5F1, VSNL1, SCG3,B3GALT1, LECT1, NTS, MBNL1, CKMT1A, NECAB1, FGF2, SFRP2, DCLK1, DACT1,CRABP1, TFAP2C, SCGB3A2, LRAT, CUZD1, GLB1L3, METTL7A, VAT1L, COL12A1,OLFML3, SOX2, USP44, HIST1H4F, KGFLP1, CPT1A, and DBC1, whereindownregulation above a predetermined threshold of an expression level ofthe marker negatively associated with definite endodermal cells ascompared to the expression level of the marker in a reference cell,wherein said reference cell is an undifferentiated human embryonic stemcell (hESC), is indicative of a definite endodermal cell.

According to some embodiments of the invention, the at least one markerpositively associated with definite endodermal cells is selected fromthe group consisting of: FSHR, COLEC12, ROR2 ITGA5, LRP2, CD177, CCKBR,TRPA1, KEL, FOLR1, FOLH1, APOA1, APOA1, FZD5, FN1, BMP2, ADAMTS9, DPP4,FGA, GPR128, IGFBP5, LIFR, FZD4, PRTG, STC1, TNFSF4, CD177, IHH, LAMA1,GPC3, LGI1, FN1, LPHN3, FGB, KIT, DPP4, TRO, SPA17, ROBO2, DLK1, CST1,DKK1, HAS2, APOA2, CDH2, LGR5, AFP, FLRT3, APOB, DGKK, HP, SYTL5,SLC7A7, TTR, FRZB, RSPO3, GCNT1, DIO3, TMEM27, APOC1, EPHA4, C4orf18,GLIPR2, PCDH10, F10, BMP5, FMO5, STMN2, SLC5A9, PORCN, EGFLAM, RAB17,CST2, PNPLA3, MOSPD1, ELMO1, CHST9, SLC30A10, TMC7, C8orf49, CDH12,ST8SIA4, SLCO2A1, MANEA, LRIG3, HCN1, ADAMTS12, TMEM144, VTN, CAMK2N1,ABCC4, PCDH7, OR2T4, UNC93A, COL4A6, PAMR1, SLC1A1, PROS1, APOM, APOM,APOM, LYPD6B, TMEM88, ITLN2, BMPER, GPR141, VEGFA, DKK1, APOA2, AFP,APOB, FLRT3, KIAA1772, FBN2, FRZB, KLK6, FREM2, RSPO3, APOA1, APOA1,SEMA3D, KEL, BMP5, HEPH, STMN2, CACNB3, CHST9, TMC7, FAM171B, ATP5G1,FOLR1, ABCC2, EFNA5, CPT1C, MAGED1, RASA4, KDELR3, ST6GALNAC2, EDNRA,LRRC37B, ABCC4, CLCN5, MBOAT2, SLC44A5, NPC2, ELFN1, MMD, SLC5A3,IMPAD1, OSTC, DSC2, SLC31A1, SLC5A12, LRRN3, NPIPL3, GDPD1, NPIPL3,NPIPL3, LINGO2, and LYPD6B.

According to some embodiments of the invention, the at least one markerpositively associated with definite endodermal cells is selected fromthe group consisting of: FSHR, COLEC12, ROR2 ITGA5, LRP2, CD177, CCKBR,TRPA1, KEL, FOLR1, FOLH1, APOA1, APOA1, FZD5, FN1, BMP2, ADAMTS9, DPP4,FGA, GPR128, IGFBP5, LIFR, FZD4, PRTG, STC1, TNFSF4, CD177, IHH, LAMA1,GPC3, LGI1, FN1, LPHN3, FGB, KIT, DPP4, TRO, SPA17, ROBO2, and DLK1.

According to some embodiments of the invention, the at least one markerpositively associated with definite endodermal cells is selected fromthe group consisting of: CD177, CCKBR, APOA1, APOA1, FSHR, FZD5, FN1,BMP2, ADAMTS9, DPP4, FGA, COLEC12, ROR2, GPR128, IGFBP5, LIFR, FZD4,ITGA5, STC1, TNFSF4, CD177 and IHH.

According to some embodiments of the invention, the isolated populationof pancreatic progenitor cells are further characterized by anexpression signature of PDX1+/ngn3+/pax4+/hlxb9+/nkx6.1+/Hnf6+/sox9+.

According to some embodiments of the invention, the pancreaticprogenitor cells are genetically unmodified.

According to some embodiments of the invention, the definite endodermalcells are genetically unmodified.

According to some embodiments of the invention, the definite endodermalcells are characterized by a SOX17+/SOX7+ expression signature.

According to some embodiments of the invention, the definite endodermalcells are characterized by aSOX17+/SOX7+/GSC+/CER+/FOXA2+/CD34+/CXCR4+/NANOG− expression signature.

According to some embodiments of the invention, the definite endodermalcells are characterized by a SOX17+/SOX7+/GSC+/CER+/FOXA2+/CXCR4+/NANOG−expression signature.

According to some embodiments of the invention, the undifferentiatedembryonic stem cells (ESCs) are characterized by Oct4+ expressionpattern.

According to some embodiments of the invention, the pancreaticprogenitor cells are obtained by differentiating stem cells intopancreatic progenitor cells.

According to some embodiments of the invention, the definite endodermalcells are obtained by differentiating stem cells into the definiteendodermal cells.

According to some embodiments of the invention, the stem cells areundifferentiated pluripotent stem cells.

According to some embodiments of the invention, the stem cells are adultstem cells.

According to some embodiments of the invention, the stem cells are fetalstem cells.

According to some embodiments of the invention, the undifferentiatedpluripotent stem cells are embryonic stem cells (ESCs).

According to some embodiments of the invention, the undifferentiatedpluripotent stem cells are induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs).

According to some embodiments of the invention, the cells are humancells.

According to some embodiments of the invention, differentiating theundifferentiated pluripotent stem cells into the pancreatic progenitorcells is performed by: (a) differentiating the pluripotent stem cellsinto definite endodermal cells to thereby obtain a population of cellswhich comprises definite endodermal cells, and (b) differentiating thepopulation of cells which comprises the definite endodermal cells intothe pancreatic progenitor cells, thereby inducing the differentiation ofthe pluripotent stem cells into the pancreatic progenitor cells.

According to some embodiments of the invention, differentiating theundifferentiated pluripotent stem cells into the pancreatic progenitorcells is performed by differentiation of the pluripotent stem cells intoembryoid bodies.

According to some embodiments of the invention, the embryoid bodies aredifferentiated until about day 7-21 of human EBs differentiation.

According to some embodiments of the invention, differentiating theundifferentiated pluripotent stem cells into the definite endodermalcells is performed by culturing the pluripotent stem cells in thepresence of activin A, Wnt3A, a small molecule Induce DefinitiveEndoderm 1 (IDE1) and/or a small molecule Induce Definitive Endoderm 2(IDE2).

According to some embodiments of the invention, differentiating thedefinite endodermal cells into the pancreatic progenitor cells isperformed by culturing the definite endodermal cells in the presence ofretinoic acid.

According to some embodiments of the invention, differentiating thedefinite endodermal cells into the pancreatic progenitor cells isperformed by culturing the definite endodermal cells in the presence ofbFGF, KGF, FGF10, noggin, cyclopamine, KAAD cyclopamine, B27, IndolactamV, nicotinamide and/or epidermal growth factor.

According to some embodiments of the invention, step (b) of the methodof some embodiments of the invention is effected by an immunologicalisolation assay selected from the group consisting of fluorescentactivated cell sorter (FACS), Magnetic-activated cell sorting (MACS) orimmunopanning

According to some embodiments of the invention, the nucleic acidconstruct is a bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC).

According to some embodiments of the invention, the cell is a stem cell.

According to some embodiments of the invention, the stem cell is anembryonic stem cell or an induced pluripotent stem cell.

According to some embodiments of the invention, the cell is a humancell.

According to some embodiments of the invention, the method furthercomprising synthesizing the compound capable of inducing differentiationof the undifferentiated pluripotent stem cells to the definiteendodermal cells.

According to some embodiments of the invention, the undifferentiatedpluripotent stem cell is an embryonic stem cell, an adult stem cell oran adult-derived stem cell such as induced pluripotent stem cells(iPSC).

According to some embodiments of the invention, the pluripotent stemcell is characterized by an Oct4+/SSEA4+/SSEA3+/TRA1-60+ expressionsignature.

According to some embodiments of the invention, the method furthercomprising synthesizing the compound capable of inducing differentiationof the definite endodermal cells or undifferentiated pluripotent stemcells to the pancreatic progenitor cells.

According to some embodiments of the invention, the kit furthercomprising a pluripotent stem cell.

According to some embodiments of the invention, the kit furthercomprising at least one agent suitable for detecting an expression levelof a marker of interest.

According to some embodiments of the invention, the expression level isdetected by an RNA detection method.

According to some embodiments of the invention, the expression level isdetected by a protein detection method.

According to some embodiments of the invention, the kit furthercomprising a genetic micro array chip.

Unless otherwise defined, all technical and/or scientific terms usedherein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinaryskill in the art to which the invention pertains. Although methods andmaterials similar or equivalent to those described herein can be used inthe practice or testing of embodiments of the invention, exemplarymethods and/or materials are described below. In case of conflict, thepatent specification, including definitions, will control. In addition,the materials, methods, and examples are illustrative only and are notintended to be necessarily limiting.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Some embodiments of the invention are herein described, by way ofexample only, with reference to the accompanying drawings. With specificreference now to the drawings in detail, it is stressed that theparticulars shown are by way of example and for purposes of illustrativediscussion of embodiments of the invention. In this regard, thedescription taken with the drawings makes apparent to those skilled inthe art how embodiments of the invention may be practiced.

In the drawings:

FIGS. 1A-C depict generation and expression of the SOX17-GFP reporterconstructs. EGFP and floxed neomycin resistance gene was knocked intothe SOX17 gene locus in a human genomic BAC by replacing the codingsequence of SOX17 (ATG to TGA) with the coding sequence of GFP and alsothe floxed neomycin resistance gene. FIG. 1A schematically illustratesthe structure of a recombinant SOX17-GFP BAC construct (using BACRP11-53M11) according to some embodiments of the invention. FIG. 1Bschematically illustrates the structure of a recombinant SOX17-GFPplasmid according to some embodiments of the invention. The positions ofthe 5′-arm, the 3′-arm in the plasmid construct are shown relative tonucleotide number 1 of the recombinant BAC RP11-53M11 SOX17-GFP (SEQ IDNO:1). In addition the positions of two non repetative 3′ externalscreening probes are also shown with positions relative to nucleotidenumber 1 of the recombinant BAC RP11-53M11 SOX17-GFP (SEQ ID NO:1).“Ext.”=external. FIG. 1C schematically illustrates the structure of therecombinant RP11-47H10 SOX17-GFP BAC construct according to someembodiments of the invention.

FIGS. 2A-H depict expression of the SOX17-GFP reporter construct inhuman embryonic stem cells and cells differentiated therefrom. FIG.2A-FACS (fluorescence-activated cell sorting) of GFP expressing cells intwo day old embryoid bodies (EBs) of a SOX17-GFP clone grown in thepresence of activin A (66 ng/ml). A hESC clone containing the SOX17reporter BAC was allowed to differentiate to form EBs. At day 2, thecells were dissociated and subjected to sorting by FACS into GFP⁺(GFP-positive cells; green cells in gate R2) and GFP⁻ (GFP-negativecells; red cells) cell populations. The GFP⁺ population represents apopulation of SOX17⁺ (SOX17-positive) endoderm progenitor cells. FIGS.2B-2E are microscopic images depicting SOX17 GFP reporter cells observedin phase contrast (FIGS. 2B-C) or using fluorescent microscopy (FIGS.2D-E). A SOX17 GFP reporter clone was grown in the presence of activin A(66 ng/ml) for three days, and GFP expression was observed using afluorescent microscope. FIG. 2F-A microscopic image depicting SOX17expression in a SOX17 reporter clone. An 80% confluent monolayer of theSOX17-GFP reporter ES cell line was treated for three days with activinA (66 ng/ml), following which immunohistochemistry was performed withanti-SOX17 (red staining) and anti-GFP (green staining) antibodies. Notethe clear correlation between SOX17 and GFP expression. FIG. 2G-Amicroscopic image depicting double staining of the cells described inFIG. 2F with both OCT4 (green staining), which marks undifferentiatedcells, and SOX17 (red staining), which marks the definitive endodermpopulation. Note that OCT4 positive cells are negative for SOX17. FIG.2H-A histogram depicting relative gene expression levels in SOX17-GFP+cells as compared to SOX17-GFP-cells. SOX17-GFP reporter cells weregrown as a monolayer in the presence of activin A (66 ng/ml), wereharvested and FACS-sorted into GFP⁺ and GFP⁻ cells. RNA was extractedfrom the sorted populations which was reverse transcribed and wasanalyzed by real-time qPCR. The relative expression of various genes inthe SOX17-GFP⁺ population as compared to the SOX17-GFP⁻ population ispresented. Note that while SOX17, SOX7, GSC, CER, FOXA2, CD34 and CXCR4are highly expressed in SOX17-GFP⁺ cells as compared to the SOX17-GFP⁻cells, the expression of NANOG, a marker of pluripotency, is higher inSOX17-GFP⁻ cells as compared to SOX17-GFP⁺ cells.

FIGS. 3A-E depict generation of PDX1-GFP reporter constructs accordingto some embodiments of the invention. FIG. 3A—a schematic illustrationof the PDX1 ATG-GFP-knock in recombinant BAC construct of someembodiments of the invention. FIG. 3B—a schematic illustration with anucleotide positions of the 5′-arm, GFP gene, floxed neomycin resistancegene and 3′-arm of the PDX1 ATG-GFP-knock in BAC construct of someembodiments of the invention. FIG. 3C—a schematic illustration of thePDX1 ATG-GFP-knock in plasmid construct (which includes the 5′-arm, theGFP gene, the floxed neomycin resistance gene and the 3′-arm) along withthe relative position of the 3′-external probe (not included in theplasmid construct) in the recombinant BAC which was used to generate therecombinant plasmid construct; FIG. 3D—a schematic illustration of thePDX1-IRES-GFP plasmid construct according to some embodiments of theinvention. FIG. 3E—a schematic illustration of the PDX1-mCherry BACconstruct according to some embodiments of the invention.

FIGS. 4A-D depicts expression of the PDX1-GFP reporter BAC. FIGS.4A-B—Dot plots depicting FACS analyses of 15 day-old EBs from PDX1 GFPreporter BAC clones. The PDX1 BAC reporter clone was allowed to form EBsfor fifteen days. The EBs were then dissociated into single cells whichwere analysed by FACS. FIG. 4A-represents control cells from wild typehESCs that do not contain a reporter construct. FIG. 4B—represents GFPexpression (R2) in EBs from PDX1-GFP reporter clone. Note that while inthe control cells there are no cells which express GFP (R2), cellsharbouring the PDX1-GFP construct express GFP (R2). FIG. 4C-A confocalmicroscopy image depicting 15 day-old EBs developed from a hESCharbouring the PDX1-GFP reporter clone that were subjected toimmunostaining. Note that the EBs contain cells which express PDX1 inthe nucleus (red staining) and GFP in the cytoplasm (green staining) Thenuclei were counterstained with TO-PRO-3 (blue stain). FIG. 4D-Ahistogram depicting gene expression levels in PDX1-GFP⁺ cells andPDX1-GFP⁻ cells as compared to unsorted EBs. The PDX1 BAC reporter clonewas allowed to form EBs for fifteen days after which they weredissociated into single cells and the PDX1-GFP⁺ cells and PDX1-GFP⁻cells were sorted by FACS, and RNA was extracted from the GFP⁺ and GFP⁻populations. qRT-PCR (quantitative RT-PCR) was performed to compareexpression of various markers in the two different cell populations. Redbars=GFP⁺ cells; Blue bars=GFP− cells. Note that PDX1 is enriched in theGFP⁺ population. Also note the upregulation of markers of pancreaticdifferentiation HLXB9, HNF6, NGN3 and PAX4 in PDX1-GFP+ cells ascompared to PDX1-GFP⁻ cells.

FIGS. 5A-E depict gene profiling of the SOX17⁺ and PDX1⁺ precursorcells. FIG. 5A—Schematic description of the strategy for identificationof unique, stage specific expression markers. Each colored ellipserepresents a different differentiation stage in pancreatic developmentfrom undifferentiated embryonic cells (OCT4 positive cells), throughendodermal progenitor cells (50×17 positive cells); pancreaticprogenitor cells (PDX1 positive cells) to mature pancreatic cells(insulin positive cells). RNA from each cell group was extracted andexpression profiling was performed. Comparison between each groupenables stage specific identification. FIGS. 5B-E—graphs depictingclustering of gene expression profiles obtained by Affymetrix analysisof mRNA extracted from GFP positive cells that were isolated by FACSfrom SOX17 reporter clones or from PDX1 reporter clones, and comparedwith the gene expression profile of undifferentiated hESC and of maturepancreas (as reported in the Affymetrix site). FIG. 5B—“SOX17 onlygenes” (definite endodermal-associated genes, represented by the newlyidentified markers: TMEM45A, RELL2 and PPFIA4; FIG. 5C—PDX1 only genes,represented by SILV (Official gene symbol PMEL) and GPR50; FIG. 5D—SOX17and PDX1 genes, represented by the STX16, DLK1, CPT1C, LRP2 and BST2;and FIG. 5E—PDX1 and Pancreases genes, represented by TROP-2 (also knownas TROP2; official gene symbol TACSTD2).

FIGS. 6A-B depict cell sorting using antibodies which specifically bindGPR50 and TROP-2 in twenty five day old genetically-unmodified EBs andgene expression analysis of the various subgroups. FIG. 6A-Twenty fiveday old disociated EBs were immunostained with GPR50 (FITC-labeled) andTROP-2 (APC, Allophycocyanin-labeled) antibodies. Four populations wereseparated by FACS: GPR50−/TROP-2−, GPR50−/TROP-2⁺, GPR50⁺/TROP-2− andGPR50⁺/TROP-2⁺. FIG. 6B—RT-qPCR was performed to compare expression ofvarious pancreatic markers in the four different cell populationsisolated by FACS as described in FIG. 6B.

FIG. 7 is a graph depicting gene clustering by Partek analysis. The xaxis: cell types; The y axis: normalized expression means value. Purple,red, green and blue curves represent the specific genes for the SOX17⁺,SOX17⁺/PDX1⁺, PDX1⁺ and PDX1⁺/Pancreas cell populations, respectively.

FIG. 8 is a histogram depicting SOX17⁺ stage specific genes. The x axis:genes; The y axis: expression±SE. Blue, red, green and purple barsrepresent HESC, SOX17, PDX1 and Pancreas expression, respectively.

FIG. 9 is a histogram depicting PDX1⁺ stage-specific genes. The x axis:genes; The y axis: expression±SE. Blue, red, green and purple barsrepresent HESC, SOX17, PDX1 and Pancreas expression, respectively.

FIG. 10 is a histogram depicting SOX17⁺/PDX1⁺ stage specific genes. Thex axis: genes; The y axis: expression±SE. Blue, red, green and purplebars represent HESC, SOX17, PDX1 and Pancreas expression, respectively.

FIG. 11 is a histogram depicting PDX1⁺-Pancreas specific genes. The xaxis: genes; The y axis: expression±SE. Blue, red, green and purple barsrepresent HESC, SOX17, PDX1 and Pancreas expression, respectively.

FIGS. 12A-E are FACS analyses depicting the expression of the newendodermal surface markers BST (FIG. 12A), FLRT3 (FIG. 12B), COLEC12(FIG. 12C), GPR49 (FIG. 12D) and LIFR (FIG. 12E) in cells of day-7embryoid bodies. Embryoid bodies were prepared from H9.2 hESCs grown for7 days and then separated to single cells with TrypLE Select. Next, thecells were incubated for 30 minutes at room temperature with one of thefollowing antibodies: Rabbit anti BST-2 1:200; Rabbit anti FLRT-3 1:50;Goat anti CL-P1/COLEC12 1:40; Rabbit anti GPR-49/LGRS 1:100; Anti humanLIF-R-PE 1:10 or control non treated cells, followed by secondaryantibodies anti rabbit Cy3 (for BST2, FLRT-3 and GPR-49) or anti goatCy3 (COLEC12) for 15 minutes at room temperature. The expression ofthese markers in the EBs (green) were compared to undifferentiated hESCscells (red) by FACS calibrator (BD) using Flow-Jo analysis. Note that43.3% of the EBs cells are BST+(FIG. 12A), 70.19% of the EBs cells areCOLEC12+ (FIG. 12C), 38.32% of the EBs cells are PGR49+ (FIG. 12D), and16.13% of the EBs cells are LIFR+(FIG. 12E).

FIGS. 13A-D are FACS analyses depicting BST2, KDR and CXCR4 expressionin IDE treated cells. Undifferentiated H9.2 cells were treated withIDE1/2 and then stained with an anti-BST2 antibody (1:200), an anti-KDRantibody Fitc conjugated (1:10) or with a combination of both, followedby a cy3-conjugated secondary antibody; or stained with 1:10 anti-humanCXCR4-PerCP and 1:10 anti-human VEGF R2/KDR-Fitc, and taken for FACSanalysis. Note that incubation with an anti-BST2 antibody resulted inisolation of 11.9% BST2+ cells from the IDE-treated cells (FIG. 13A);incubation with an anti-KDR antibody resulted in 4.32% KDR+ cells fromIDE-treated cells (FIG. 13B); incubation with an anti-BST2 and anti-KDRantibodies resulted in 10.7% Bst2⁺/KDR⁻ (BST2 positive and KDR negative)cells of the IDE-treated cells and 0.39% of KDR+/BST2− (KDR positive andBST2 negative) cells of the IDE-treated cells (FIG. 13C); and incubationwith the anti-CXCR4 and anti-KDR antibodies resulted in 1.05%CXCR4+/KDR− (CXCR4 positive and KDR negative) cells of the IDE-treatedcells (FIG. 13D).

FIGS. 14A-C are representative images of confocal microscopy depictingexpression of PDX1 in day-28 of human embryoid bodies which were sortedwith an anti-TROP-2 antibody, demonstrating enrichment of a pancreaticprogenitor cells. Blue-DAPI, nuclear staining; Red—PDX1. Note that mostof the cells presented in each of the microscopic fields express PDX1 intheir cytoplasm.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The present invention, in some embodiments thereof, relates to methodsof isolating pancreatic progenitor cells, definite endodermal cells andisolated cell population obtained thereby and, to nucleic acidconstructs, cells and kit for identifying markers which characterizepancreatic progenitor cells or definite endodermal cells, and to methodsand kits using same for identifying compounds involved in thedifferentiation of same.

Before explaining at least one embodiment of the invention in detail, itis to be understood that the invention is not necessarily limited in itsapplication to the details set forth in the following description orexemplified by the Examples. The invention is capable of otherembodiments or of being practiced or carried out in various ways.

In the quest for developing cutting edge therapeutics, a significanteffort is put on the production of stem cells (hESC and/or iPS) derivedtreatments. A key step in a successful production of new insulinsecreting cells is the identification, isolation and characterization ofstage-specific progenitor cells. The present inventors used geneticlabeling for screening stage specific genes, and examined the expressionprofiling of cells in specific stages of the pancreatic differentiationprocess.

FIG. 5A depicts the general strategy used to identify markers presentingdifferential expression across different cell types. To achieve thatgoal, pluripotent stem cells were used for two major differentiationstages: (1) Definitive endoderm stage represented by SOX17 positivepopulation; (2) Pancreatic progenitor cells represented by PDX1 positivepopulation. Undifferentiated pluripotent stem cells (e.g., ESCs) wereused as control for the experiment. In addition, DNA microarray datafrom pancreas cells was used for further comparisons. To enhance thereliability of the analysis, three replicas from each cell type wereincluded in the experiment.

Thus, the present inventors have uncovered various markers whichcharacterize the endoderm progenitor population and the pancreaticprogenitor population, two intermediate stages along the differentiationpathway to insulin producing cells. As described in the Examples sectionwhich follows, the present inventors have generated human embryonic stemcells clones harboring SOX17 (definitive endoderm marker) regulatorysequences fused to a reporter gene (e.g., GFP) (FIGS. 1A-C, Example 1 ofthe Examples section which follows), and the PDX1 (pancreatic progenitormarker) regulatory sequences fused to a reporter gene (e.g., GFP ormCherry) (FIGS. 3A-E, Example 2 of the Examples section which follows),introduced the constructs into embryonic stem cells and identifiedsubpopulations of GFP cells [FIG. 2A (SOX17+ cells) and FIG. 4B (PDX1+cells); Example 1 and 2 of the Examples section which follows]. UsingFACS-based purification, the present inventors identified and isolatedstage-specific human progenitor cell populations. As is further shown inFIGS. 2H and 4D, Tables 1-12 and described in Examples 1-3 of theExamples section which follows, the present inventors have determinedthe expression level of various genes in the isolated SOX17+ or PDX1+stage-specific populations and identified genes that are upregulated ordownregulated at specific stages of differentiation and hence definethose stages. The identified markers (genes) are involved in thedifferentiation process and can be used for optimizing conditions forultimately producing beta cells for transplantation therapy, forselecting pancreatic progenitors from mixed populations ofdifferentiating cells and for carrying out quality control of candidateislet replacement cells. In addition, as is shown in Tables 13-20 anddescribed in Example 4 of the Examples section which follows, byemploying the PARTEK cluster analysis the present inventors haveidentified additional genes/markers which can be used to identifypancreatic progenitor cells, definite endodermal cells, SOX17 and PDX1expressing cells, and PDX1+ and pancreatic cells. Further experimentsusing some of the novel markers identified herein were used to isolatepancreatic progenitor cells. Thus, as shown in FIGS. 14A-C and describedin Example 5 of the Examples section which follows, cells of embryoidbodies (day 28), which were sorted using an anti-TROP-2 antibody, werefound to include at least 84% of PDX1-positive cells. In addition, as isshown in FIGS. 12A-E and described in Table 21 (Example 6 of theExamples section which follows), cells of 7-day-old EBs were found toexpress high levels of BST2, FLRT3, COLEC12, GPR-49/LGRS and LIF-R ascompared to undifferentiated hESCs. Moreover, induction ofundifferentiated hESCs towards the definite endoderm stage by treatmentwith IDE1/IDE2 resulted in cells which are BST2+/KDR−, and cells whichare CXCR4+/KDR− (FIGS. 13A-D, Example 7 of the Examples section whichfollows).

Thus, according to an aspect of some embodiments of the invention thereis provided a method of identifying pancreatic progenitor cells. Themethod is effected by determining in a population of cells whichcomprises pancreatic progenitor cells at least one marker that is:

(i) positively associated with pancreatic differentiation, the markerbeing selected from the group consisting of: TACSTD2 (TROP-2), GPR50,BST2, NTRK2, ITGA4, KDR, PTPRN, LGI1, VIPR2, SLC2A1, MUC15, MUC12,LPHN3, MUC16, VTCN1, MMP16, FZD3, ITGB6, GFRA3, ROBO1, NLGN1, MUC12,CNTFR, LPHN1, SULF1, ADAM23, SCUBE3, PLAU, CDON, SLIT2, C7orf68, PLXDC2,CD74, MUC15, GPR56, VTCN1, ITGB6, AREG, BOC, KLRK1, PRTG, PTPRZ1, GABRP,SILV, KIAA1772, PLP1, OVOS, HAPLN1, EPHA7, ENO2, PCDHB5, OVOS, SYT1,DCT, GPAM, SLITRK6, DCC, FREM2, SDK2, CGA, ATP1B2, SEMA3D, PCDHB15,CDH1, WNT8B, LPAR4, NPIPL3, FAM171B, PTN, ABCC2, ADAMTS3, RASA4, CPT1C,SLC6A6, PCDHB3, LRRC37B, RNFT2, KCNG3, TRPC1, ALPPL2, OR4F21, CCL2,KIF5A, OLFM2, CACNG7, MPHOSPH9, SLC13A4, MOXD1, C6orf186, SLC4A8, STX16,AMY2A, SPARCL1, MGP, A2M, DCN, ATP8B1, MMRN1, EMP1, PLA2G2A, PDE3A,TLR3, CYP1B1, PTGIS, RFTN2, PLEKHA2, SMOC1, STOM, JAM2, CHL1, SCG5,IGFBP7, NPR3, IFI6, CR1L, OR2A4, OR2A7, KCNG3, CACNG7, GRID2, CDH1,LPAR3, SEMA6A, PTPRZ1, ATP1A3, CAMKV, SCNN1G, SYT6, SLC18A2, PCDHB5,ABCG2, HLA-DRA, CR1L, HTR2C, EDNRB, PCDH11X, SLC17A7, SCNN1A, CD9,CXCL16, FXYD5, GABRQ, GFRA3, CACNA2D2, CLDN4, PLP1, PDPN, MMP24, SDK2,GPR176, GPR64, GPR160, PCDH11Y, NKAIN4, ATP1B2, SCN8A, THBS4, CR2,HLA-DQA1, HLA-DRA, HTR7, SLC2A1, HLA-DRA, KCNS3, SLC7A3, HLA-DPB2,CACNA1B, and GPR143, wherein an upregulation above a predeterminedthreshold of an expression level of the marker positively associatedwith the pancreatic differentiation as compared to the expression levelof the marker in a reference cell, wherein the reference cell is adefinite endodermal cell which expresses SOX17, is indicative of apositive identification of a pancreatic progenitor cell, andalternatively or additionally

(ii) negatively associated with the pancreatic differentiation, themarker being selected from the group consisting of: LGR5, CCKBR, CXCR4,FLRT3, TRPA1, SLC40A1, LRIG3, COLEC12, EPSTI1, GPR128, CDH2, SLC5A9,FSHR, SLC30A10, IL13RA1, SLC7A7, PCDH10, SLC1A1, GPR141, LIFR, TMEM27,GPC4, LYPD6B, FOLH1, TRPC4, PCDH7, KEL, KCNJ3, OR2T4, VIPR2, FLRT2,CD34, SLC39A8, CLDN11, CXCR7, ITGA5, ITGAV, CALCR, CLDN18, SLC7A5,TMBIM4, SLCO2A1, CDH10, AMHR2, ASAM, CLDN1, DSCAM, TMEM88, PLXNA2,CD177, TMEM144, GPR37, GJA5, SEMA6D, NIPAL2, GPR151, MCC, TMEM136,KCNG1, LHFPL2, MOSPD1, SLC37A1, LRIT3, EPHA4, GPR177, and IL1R1, whereina downregulation above a predetermined threshold of an expression levelof the marker negatively associated with the pancreatic differentiationas compared to the expression level of the marker in a reference cell,wherein the reference cell is a definite endodermal cell which expressesSOX17, is indicative of a positive identification of a pancreaticprogenitor cell,

thereby identifying the pancreatic progenitor cells.

As used herein the phrase “pancreatic progenitor cell” relates to a cellwhich express the duodenal homoebox factor-1 (PDX1) and which is notterminally differentiated but has the potential to differentiate topancreatic endocrine, exocrine and/or duct cells.

As used herein the phrase “terminally differentiated” refers to a cellwhich cannot further differentiate in the lineage.

According to some embodiments of the invention, the pancreaticprogenitor cell is capable of differentiating into at least two types ofcells present in the pancreas.

It should be noted that the pancreas includes endocrine, exocrine andduct cells.

Pancreatic endocrine cells are present in the pancreatic islets ofLangerhans, and produce hormones that underlie the endocrine functionsof the pancreas, such as insulin, glucagon, and somatostatin. Pancreaticexocrine cells are present in the pancreas and secrete the pancreaticjuice containing digestive enzymes that assist the absorption ofnutrients and the digestion in the small intestine (e.g., proteases andpeptidases, lipases, carbohydrases, and nucleases). Pancreatic ductcells transport bile and pancreatic enzymes from the pancreas to thehepatopancreatic ampulla.

According to some embodiments of the invention, the pancreaticprogenitor cells are capable of differentiating into insulin-producingcells.

As used herein the term “identifying” refers to classifying a cellaccording the expression level of a marker characterizing the cell.

For example, a cell can be classified as being a pancreatic progenitorcell or as being a non-pancreatic progenitor cell based on theexpression level of a marker characterizing the pancreatic progenitorcell.

As used herein the phrase “associated with pancreatic differentiation”refers to a marker which is upregulated (i.e., positively associated) ordownregulated (i.e., negatively associated) when a cell is inducedtowards the pancreatic cell lineage, e.g., in a pancreatic progenitorcell.

As used herein the phrase “expression level” refers to the degree ofgene expression and/or gene product activity in a specific cell. Forexample, up-regulation or down-regulation of various genes can affectthe level of the gene product (i.e., RNA and/or protein) in a specificcell.

It should be noted that the level of expression can be determined inarbitrary absolute units, or in normalized units (relative to knownexpression levels of a control reference). For example, when using DNAchips, the expression levels are normalized according to the chips'internal controls or by using quantile normalization such as RMA (RobustMultichip Average).

As used herein the term “marker” refers to a gene or a gene productdescribed using an accepted gene symbol.

According to some embodiments of the invention, the level of the markeris determined by the expression level of any of the polynucleotidetranscripts which comprise the target nucleotide sequence identified bythe Affymetrix probe set ID and/or any of the proteins which comprisethe amino acid sequence encoded by the target nucleotide sequenceidentified by the Affymetrix probe set ID. The target nucleotidesequences identified by each of the Affymetrix probe set IDs areprovided in Tables 1-20 in the Examples section which follows. Thepolynucleotides and polypeptides (which are identified by the Affynetrixprobe set ID) are presented in Tables 1-20 by their sequence identifiers(SEQ ID NO:) and in some cases also by their GenBank Accession numbers.All polypeptides and polynucleotides are provided in the sequencelisting of the application.

According to some embodiments of the invention, each of thepolynucleotides or polypeptides, for which the expression level isdetermined, comprises the entire target sequence (with 100% sequenceidentity) or the amino acid sequence encoded by the target sequence,respectively.

The cells used by the method of some embodiments of the invention can beisolated cells (at least partially removed from a subject), culturedcells and/or non-cultured cells (e.g., primary cells obtained from asubject). The cells can be obtained from the subject by any known methodincluding, but not limited to, tissue biopsy (e.g., pancreas biopsy)obtained using a surgical tool or a needle), fine needle aspiration, andthe like. It should be noted that the cells may be isolated from thesubject (e.g., for in vitro detection) or may optionally comprise a cellthat has not been physically removed from the subject (e.g., in vivodetection).

According to some embodiments of the invention, the expression level ofthe marker in the test cell (e.g., the cell of the population of cellswhich is subject to the method of identifying pancreatic progenitorcells according to some embodiments of the invention) and in thereference cell (e.g., the definite endodermal cell which expressesSOX17) is determined under identical assay conditions.

According to some embodiments of the invention, the level of expressionof the marker (gene) of the invention is determined using an RNA or aprotein detection method.

According to some embodiments of the invention, the RNA or proteinmolecules are extracted from the cell of the subject.

Methods of extracting RNA or protein molecules from cells of a subjectare well known in the art. Once obtained, the RNA or protein moleculescan be characterized for the expression and/or activity level of variousRNA and/or protein molecules using methods known in the arts.

Non-limiting examples of assays for detecting the expression level ofRNA molecules in a cell sample include Northern blot analysis, RT-PCR,RNA in situ hybridization (using e.g., DNA or RNA probes to hybridizeRNA molecules present in the cells or tissue sections), in situ RT-PCR(e.g., as described in Nuovo G J, et al. Am J Surg Pathol. 1993, 17:683-90; Komminoth P, et al. Pathol Res Pract. 1994, 190: 1017-25), andoligonucleotide microarray (e.g., by hybridization of polynucleotidesequences derived from a sample to oligonucleotides attached to a solidsurface [e.g., a glass wafer) with addressable location, such asAffymetrix microarray (Affymetrix®, Santa Clara, Calif.)].

Non-limiting examples of assays for detecting the expression leveland/or activity of specific protein molecules in a cell sample includeEnzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), Western blot analysis,radio-immunoassay (RIA), Fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS),immunohistochemical analysis, in situ activity assay (using e.g., achromogenic substrate applied on the cells containing an active enzyme),in vitro activity assays (in which the activity of a particular enzymeis measured in a protein mixture extracted from the cells). For example,in case the detection of the expression level of a secreted protein isdesired, ELISA assay may be performed on a sample of fluid obtained fromthe subject (e.g., serum), which contains cell-secreted content.

According to some embodiments of the invention, the definite endodermalcell, which express SOX17, is characterized by a SOX17+/SOX7+ expressionsignature.

According to some embodiments of the invention, the definite endodermalcell is characterized by the SOX17+/SOX7+/GSC+/CER+/FOXA2+/CXCR4+/NANOG−expression signature.

According to some embodiments of the invention, the definite endodermalcell is characterized by the SOX17+/SOX7+/GSC+/CER+/FOXA2+/CXCR4+/NANOG−expression signature.

According to some embodiments of the invention, the definite endodermalcell is characterized by theSOX17+/SOX7+/GSC+/CER+/FOXA2+/CXCR4+/CD34+/NANOG− expression signature.

According to some embodiments of the invention, the expression level ofthe marker in the definite endodermal cell is determined from at leastone definite endodermal cells, e.g., from at least 2, from at least 3,from at least 4, from at least 5, from at least 6, from at least 7, fromat least 8, from at least 9, from at least 10, from at least 20, from atleast 100, from at least 1000, from at least 1×10⁴, from at least 1×10⁵,e.g., from at least 1×10⁶ definite endodermal cells. It should be notedthat when more than one definite endodermal cell is used, the expressionlevel of the marker may comprise an average of the expression level ofseveral or all cells, and those of skills in the art are capable ofaveraging expression levels from 2 or more cells, using e.g., normalizedexpression values.

As used herein the phrase “an upregulation above a predeterminedthreshold” refers to an increase in the level of expression in the cellrelative to a reference cell (e.g., the definite endodermal cell) whichis higher than a predetermined threshold such as a about 10%, e.g.,higher than about 20%, e.g., higher than about 30%, e.g., higher thanabout 40%, e.g., higher than about 50%, e.g., higher than about 60%,higher than about 70%, higher than about 80%, higher than about 90%,higher than about 2 times, higher than about three times, higher thanabout four time, higher than about five times, higher than about sixtimes, higher than about seven times, higher than about eight times,higher than about nine times, higher than about 20 times, higher thanabout 50 times, higher than about 100 times, higher than about 200 timesof at least one reference cell (e.g., definite endodermal cell). Theupregulation in the expression level can be also determined usinglogarithmic fold changes as shown in the Examples section which follows.

According to some embodiments of the invention, the method furthercomprising determining in a population of cells which comprisespancreatic progenitor cells at least one marker that is: (i) negativelyassociated with the pancreatic differentiation, the marker beingselected from the group consisting of: CST1, CER1, ANKRD1, TRY6, HAS2,DKK1, PRSS2, HP, APOA2, RHOBTB3, BMP2, ACE2, STC1, PDZK1, HHEX, VIL1,PRDM1, EOMES, DNAJC15, TNIK, IGFBPS, RLBP1L2, ADAMTS9, EPSTI1, C5,ARHGAP24, TRY6, ANGPT2, TTR, MYL7, FST, KITLG, GATA3, ST8SIA4, CCDC141,TSPYLS, EGFLAM, TTN, LEFTY2, FOXA2, FAM184A, STMN2, DIO3, FN1, PRSS1,NPPB, RGSS, MANEA, OTX2, CFLAR, FZD5, LOC151009, IFLTD1, PPFIBP2, SYTLS,ARHGAP28, NTS, APOB, CST2, FOLH1B, TFF1, GPAM, RNF152, SEMA3E, OXCT1,DUSP4, RSPO3, EHHADH, DGKK, VEGFA, APOA1, RAB17, LYPD6B, TNNC1, ZNF280A,FRZB, APOA1, SOX17, SAMD3, BMPS, GATA4, MATN3, FAM122C, SPOCK3, PLOD2,NPL, ATP6V0D2, SERHL, SERPINE2, TGFB2, ELMO1, C8orf49, ENC1, COL5A2,FMO5, COL4A1, MGST2, GLUD2, CLIP4, UNC93A, GLIPR2, GSTA2, H2AFY2,ST6GALNAC2, DUSP6, NTN4, LHX1, PUS7L, TNC, BARB, HNF1B, SHISA2, NEXN,MSL3L2, IRAK4, S100A16, CDK6, FAM159B, ELL2, B3GALNT1, ARL4D, ETS2,MUM1L1, VTN, SEMA3A, ZNF611, VWA5A, ZNF518B, NUDT4P1, RASGEF1B, TPK1,ANXA3, MYL4, BMI1, ODC1, ARSE, PTPN13, ZNF321, NODAL, ANKMY2, LPGAT1,PROS1, KLF8, PAX6, GCNT1, S100Z, ZNF702P, CCDC129, LRRFIP1, TBC1D9,YPEL2, GCNT4, F10, ZNF585B, ELMOD2, GLT8D3, ETS1, SALL1, IAH1, RFC1,ZNF214, DPPA3, FGA, B3GNT5, COL4A6, DENND2C, FZD4, MYOCD, DDIT4L,PLCXD3, ELL2, SPOCK1, IGFBP6, SERHL2, SERPINI1, FAM26E, RNF128, RBM24,GALNT4, CTSL2, ALPK2, ANKRD20B, PLCE1, TAGLN, STAT4, SOAT1, MIXL1,HNF4A, IQCA1, KLHL14, MAML3, EGF, LEFTY1, ANKRD20B, RGS8, TAL2, ADI1,SPA17, KHDRBS2, and MCC, wherein a downregulation above a predeterminedthreshold of an expression level of the marker negatively associatedwith the pancreatic differentiation as compared to the expression levelof the marker in a reference cell, wherein the reference cell is adefinite endodermal cell which expresses SOX17 is indicative of apositive identification of a pancreatic progenitor cell andalternatively or additionally; (ii) positively associated with thepancreatic differentiation, the marker being selected from the groupconsisting of: ALPPL2, DPPA5, H19, CRYZ, CXCL12, TYW3, ZYG11A, CRABP1,IDO1, POU5F1, HEY2, HIST1H1A, TFAP2C, DPPA2, ZFP42, LECT1, NECAB1,CKMT1A, SAMHD1, FGF2, PLA2G2A, PRDM14, POU5F1, GLI3, GSTT2, OLFML3,DAZL, GALNT3, SOX2, POU5F1B, ACTN3, CPT1A, DCLK1, EDIL3, NANOG, THUMPD3,VASH2, ATCAY, USP44, HIST1H4F, NANOG, PIM2, DNMT3B, ZNF483, FEZF1,SCARNA9L, SCGB3A2, SILV, ENPP1, MYC, NLRP7, TDRD1, HHLA1, MT1G, RASL11B,PYGM, APOBEC3B, COL14A1, PTRF, HOXA1, CYP2S1, NRK, RASGRP2, FBXO2,KIF5A, PLEKHA2, HERC5, TRIML2, ARRDC4, HSPA2, ZNF248, NPTX2, MT1X, SPP1,PHC1, LRAT, NLRP4, GFPT2, ZNF680, MYO1E, B2M, DDX43, FABP3, GRHL2,ACOXL, CDCA7L, LDB2, KIAA1772, SFRP2, TRIM71, PLAU, AIM1, MT1E, STAT3,ZSCAN10, SCG3, VAT1L, HPDL, ZFP57, BNC2, CYP4F22, NOTCH1, LIX1, QPRT,ZNF398, RGS10, MT1G, GAA, PAX3, RHBDL3, POLR3G, FAM46B, MT1F, GLB1L3,RBM46, PRODH, ZNF300, STOM, PLA2G16, GAL, TOX, B3GALT1, MDGA2, MAD2L2,ATP6V0A4, LAMA2, HORMAD1, TRIM22, RNF157, ADD2, UPRT, PSMB8, ZNF562,FAM9C, UGT8, KIF5A, SNRPN, UNC13A, DOC2A, ZNF560, VENTX, RARRES2,CCDC109B, MT2A, ALDOC, STARD9, and AKAP1, wherein an upregulation abovea predetermined threshold of an expression level of the markerpositively associated with the pancreatic differentiation as compared tothe expression level of the marker in a reference cell, wherein thereference cell is a definite endodermal cell which expresses SOX17, isindicative of a positive identification of a pancreatic progenitor cell.

According to an aspect of some embodiments of the invention, the methodof identifying the pancreatic progenitor cells comprising determining ina population of cells which comprises pancreatic progenitor cells atleast one marker that is: (i) negatively associated with the pancreaticdifferentiation, the marker being selected from the group consisting of:LGR5, CCKBR, CXCR4, FLRT3, TRPA1, SLC40A1, LRIG3, COLEC12, EPSTI1,GPR128, CDH2, SLC5A9, FSHR, SLC30A10, IL13RA1, SLC7A7, PCDH10, SLC1A1,GPR141, LIFR, TMEM27, GPC4, LYPD6B, FOLH1, TRPC4, PCDH7, KEL, KCNJ3,OR2T4, VIPR2, FLRT2, CD34, SLC39A8, CLDN11, CXCR7, ITGA5, ITGAV, CALCR,CLDN18, SLC7A5, TMBIM4, SLCO2A1, CDH10, AMHR2, ASAM, CLDN1, DSCAM,TMEM88, PLXNA2, CD177, TMEM144, GPR37, GJA5, SEMA6D, NIPAL2, GPR151,MCC, TMEM136, KCNG1, LHFPL2, MOSPD1, SLC37A1, LRIT3, EPHA4, GPR177,IL1R1, CST1, CER1, ANKRD1, TRY6, HAS2, DKK1, PRSS2, HP, APOA2, RHOBTB3,BMP2, ACE2, STC1, PDZK1, HHEX, VIL1, PRDM1, EOMES, DNAJC15, TNIK,IGFBP5, RLBP1L2, ADAMTS9, EPSTI1, C5, ARHGAP24, TRY6, ANGPT2, TTR, MYL7,FST, KITLG, GATA3, ST8SIA4, CCDC141, TSPYL5, EGFLAM, TTN, LEFTY2, FOXA2,FAM184A, STMN2, DIO3, FN1, PRSS1, NPPB, RGS5, MANEA, OTX2, CFLAR, FZD5,LOC151009, IFLTD1, PPFIBP2, SYTL5, ARHGAP28, NTS, APOB, CST2, FOLH1B,TFF1, GPAM, RNF152, SEMA3E, OXCT1, DUSP4, RSPO3, EHHADH, DGKK, VEGFA,APOA1, RAB17, LYPD6B, TNNC1, ZNF280A, FRZB, APOA1, SOX17, SAMD3, BMP5,GATA4, MATN3, FAM122C, SPOCK3, PLOD2, NPL, ATP6V0D2, SERHL, SERPINE2,TGFB2, ELMO1, C8orf49, ENC1, COL5A2, FMO5, COL4A1, MGST2, GLUD2, CLIP4,UNC93A, GLIPR2, GSTA2, H2AFY2, ST6GALNAC2, DUSP6, NTN4, LHX1, PUS7L,TNC, BARB, HNF1B, SHISA2, NEXN, MSL3L2, IRAK4, S100A16, CDK6, FAM159B,ELL2, B3GALNT1, ARL4D, ETS2, MUM1L1, VTN, SEMA3A, ZNF611, VWA5A,ZNF518B, NUDT4P1, RASGEF1B, TPK1, ANXA3, MYL4, BMI1, ODC1, ARSE, PTPN13,ZNF321, NODAL, ANKMY2, LPGAT1, PROS1, KLF8, PAX6, GCNT1, S100Z, ZNF702P,CCDC129, LRRFIP1, TBC1D9, YPEL2, GCNT4, F10, ZNF585B, ELMOD2, GLT8D3,ETS1, SALL1, IAH1, RFC1, ZNF214, DPPA3, FGA, B3GNT5, COL4A6, DENND2C,FZD4, MYOCD, DDIT4L, PLCXD3, ELL2, SPOCK1, IGFBP6, SERHL2, SERPINI1,FAM26E, RNF128, RBM24, GALNT4, CTSL2, ALPK2, ANKRD20B, PLCE1, TAGLN,STAT4, SOAT1, MIXL1, HNF4A, IQCA1, KLHL14, MAML3, EGF, LEFTY1, ANKRD20B,RGS8, TAL2, ADI1, SPA17, KHDRBS2, and MCC, wherein a downregulationabove a predetermined threshold of an expression level of the markernegatively associated with the pancreatic differentiation as compared tothe expression level of the marker in a reference cell, wherein thereference cell is a definite endodermal cell which expresses SOX17, isindicative of a positive identification of a pancreatic progenitor celland alternatively or additionally; (ii) positively associated with thepancreatic differentiation, the marker being selected from the groupconsisting of: TACSTD2 (TROP-2), GPR50, BST2, NTRK2, ITGA4, KDR, PTPRN,LGI1, VIPR2, SLC2A1, MUC15, MUC12, LPHN3, MUC16, VTCN1, MMP16, FZD3,ITGB6, GFRA3, ROBO1, NLGN1, MUC12, CNTFR, LPHN1, SULF1, ADAM23, SCUBE3,PLAU, CDON, SLIT2, C7orf68, PLXDC2, CD74, MUC15, GPR56, VTCN1, ITGB6,AREG, BOC, KLRK1, PRTG, PTPRZ1, GABRP, SILV, KIAA1772, PLP1, OVOS,HAPLN1, EPHA7, ENO2, PCDHB5, OVOS, SYT1, DCT, GPAM, SLITRK6, DCC, FREM2,SDK2, CGA, ATP1B2, SEMA3D, PCDHB15, CDH1, WNT8B, LPAR4, NPIPL3, FAM171B,PTN, ABCC2, ADAMTS3, RASA4, CPT1C, SLC6A6, PCDHB3, LRRC37B, RNFT2,KCNG3, TRPC1, ALPPL2, OR4F21, CCL2, KIF5A, OLFM2, CACNG7, MPHOSPH9,SLC13A4, MOXD1, C6orf186, SLC4A8, STX16, AMY2A, SPARCL1, MGP, A2M, DCN,ATP8B1, MMRN1, EMP1, PLA2G2A, PDE3A, TLR3, CYP1B1, PTGIS, RFTN2,PLEKHA2, SMOC1, STOM, JAM2, CHL1, SCG5, IGFBP7, NPR3, IFI6, CR1L, OR2A4,OR2A7, KCNG3, CACNG7, GRID2, CDH1, LPAR3, SEMA6A, PTPRZ1, ATP1A3, CAMKV,SCNN1G, SYT6, SLC18A2, PCDHB5, ABCG2, HLA-DRA, CR1L, HTR2C, EDNRB,PCDH11X, SLC17A7, SCNN1A, CD9, CXCL16, FXYD5, GABRQ, GFRA3, CACNA2D2,CLDN4, PDPN, MMP24, SDK2, GPR176, GPR64, GPR160, PCDH11Y, NKAIN4,ATP1B2, SCN8A, THBS4, CR2, HLA-DQA1, HLA-DRA, HTR7, SLC2A1, HLA-DRA,KCNS3, SLC7A3, HLA-DPB2, CACNA1B, GPR143, ALPPL2, DPPA5, H19, CRYZ,CXCL12, TYW3, ZYG11A, CRABP1, IDO1, POU5F1, HEY2, HIST1H1A, TFAP2C,DPPA2, ZFP42, LECT1, NECAB1, CKMT1A, SAMHD1, FGF2, PLA2G2A, PRDM14,POU5F1, GLI3, GSTT2, OLFML3, DAZL, GALNT3, SOX2, POU5F1B, ACTN3, CPT1A,DCLK1, EDIL3, NANOG, THUMPD3, VASH2, ATCAY, USP44, HIST1H4F, NANOG,PIM2, DNMT3B, ZNF483, FEZF 1, SCARNA9L, SCGB3A2, SILV, ENPP1, MYC,NLRP7, TDRD1, HHLA1, MT1G, RASL11B, PYGM, APOBEC3B, COL14A1, PTRF,HOXA1, CYP2S1, NRK, RASGRP2, FBXO2, KIF5A, PLEKHA2, HERC5, TRIML2,ARRDC4, HSPA2, ZNF248, NPTX2, MT1X, SPP1, PHC1, LRAT, NLRP4, GFPT2,ZNF680, MYO1E, B2M, DDX43, FABP3, GRHL2, ACOXL, CDCA7L, LDB2, KIAA1772,SFRP2, TRIM71, PLAU, AIM1, MT1E, STAT3, ZSCAN10, SCG3, VAT1L, HPDL,ZFP57, BNC2, CYP4F22, NOTCH1, LIX1, QPRT, ZNF398, RGS10, MT1G, GAA,PAX3, RHBDL3, POLR3G, FAM46B, MT1F, GLB1L3, RBM46, PRODH, ZNF300, STOM,PLA2G16, GAL, TOX, B3GALT1, MDGA2, MAD2L2, ATP6V0A4, LAMA2, HORMAD1,TRIM22, RNF157, ADD2, UPRT, PSMB8, ZNF562, FAM9C, UGT8, KIF5A, SNRPN,UNC13A, DOC2A, ZNF560, VENTX, RARRES2, CCDC109B, MT2A, ALDOC, STARD9,and AKAP1, wherein an upregulation above a predetermined threshold of anexpression level of the marker positively associated with the pancreaticdifferentiation as compared to the expression level of the marker in areference cell, wherein the reference cell is a definite endodermal cellwhich expresses SOX17 is indicative of a positive identification of apancreatic progenitor cell.

According to some embodiments of the invention, the method furthercomprising determining in a population of cells which comprisespancreatic progenitor cells at least one marker that is: (i) negativelyassociated with the pancreatic differentiation, the marker beingselected from the group consisting of: TMPRSS11E, LGR5, SLC39A8,TM4SF18, CUZD1, GPC4, SLC22A3, CXCR4, NRN1, TMBIM4, THBS2, SLC7A5,TMEM47, NTS, CER1, CST1, NODAL, PRRX1, KGFLP1, NFIB, GCNT4, MIXL1, CAV1,LUM, RASGRF2, OXCT1, GLIPR1, VSNL1, FST, POSTN, GNA14, CBR1, TNIK, RGS5,KGFLP1, ETS1, MPPED2, ACTA2, SEMA3A, DACT1, ANXA1, COL12A1, KITLG, MMP2,DLEU2, ACE2, ACTG2, PUS7L, RNU5B-1, COL3A1, LEFTY2, NPPB, S1AE, AFP,ZFP42, HAS2, TRY6, NR5A2, EBF1, RPPH1, NFIX, IAH1, RUNX1T1, COL5A2,VCAN, RNU5E, ADAMT S5, CDK6, LRRC17, DBC1, MYL4, ANKRD1, EOMES, LCP1,TAGLN, TNFAIP6, FAM159B, and PGM5P2, wherein a downregulation above apredetermined threshold of an expression level of the marker negativelyassociated with the pancreatic differentiation as compared to theexpression level of the marker in a reference cell, wherein thereference cell is an undifferentiated embryonic stem cell (hESC), isindicative of a positive identification of a pancreatic progenitor cell,and alternatively or additionally; (ii) positively associated with thepancreatic differentiation, the marker being selected from the groupconsisting of: TACSTD2 (TROP-2), BST2 LRP2, LAMA1, GPC3, LGI1, FN1,LPHN3, FGB, KIT, DPP4, TRO, SPA17, ROBO2, DLK1, PRTG, DKK1, APOA2, AFP,APOB, FLRT3, KIAA1772, FBN2, FRZB, KLK6, FREM2, RSPO3, APOA1, APOA1,SEMA3D, KEL, BMP5, HEPH, STMN2, CACNB3, CHST9, TMC7, FAM171B, ATP5G1,FOLR1, ABCC2, EFNA5, CPT1C, MAGED1, RASA4, KDELR3, ST6GALNAC2, EDNRA,LRRC37B, ABCC4, CLCN5, MBOAT2, SLC44A5, NPC2, ELFN1, MMD, SLC5A3,IMPAD1, OSTC, DSC2, SLC31A1, SLC5A12, LRRN3, NPIPL3, GDPD1, NPIPL3,NPIPL3, LINGO2, LYPD6B, PRTG, LRP2, CACNG7, DLK1, CACNA2D2, CR1L,SCNN1G, HTR2C, LPAR3, THBS3, KCNG3, SDK2, HLA-DRA, SLC18A2, CXCL16,TMEM63C, SLC17A7, GFRA3, DPPA5, ALPPL2, CRYZ, H19, ZYG11A, TYW3, ARRDC4,TXNIP, FOS, NCRNA00173, GSTT2, C3, DDX43, B2M, PYGM, CYP4F22, ZNF578,ENO2, ZNF248, NLRP4, SNORD59B, SNORD113-4, CASZ1, MIR21, IFI16, ZNF560,TDRD1, ZNF680, HSPA1B, HSPA1A, EGR1, RASGRP2, ASMTL, CPT1C, ATCAY,ACSF2, PAMR1, SILV, ACTN3, HORMAD1, ACSM3, RNF157, SAMHD1, and RCN1,wherein an upregulation above a predetermined threshold of an expressionlevel of the marker positively associated with the pancreaticdifferentiation as compared to the expression level of the marker in areference cell, wherein the reference cell is an undifferentiatedembryonic stem cell (ESC), is indicative of a positive identification ofa pancreatic progenitor cell.

According to an aspect of some embodiments of the invention, the methodof identifying pancreatic progenitor cells comprising determining in apopulation of cells which comprises pancreatic progenitor cells at leastone marker that is: (i) negatively associated with pancreaticdifferentiation, the marker being selected from the group consisting of:LGR5, CCKBR, CXCR4, FLRT3, TRPA1, SLC40A1, LRIG3, COLEC12, EPSTI1,GPR128, CDH2, SLC5A9, FSHR, SLC30A10, IL13RA1, SLC7A7, PCDH10, SLC1A1,GPR141, LIFR, TMEM27, GPC4, LYPD6B, FOLH1, TRPC4, PCDH7, KEL, KCNJ3,OR2T4, VIPR2, FLRT2, CD34, SLC39A8, CLDN11, CXCR7, ITGA5, ITGAV, CALCR,CLDN18, SLC7A5, TMBIM4, SLCO2A1, CDH10, AMHR2, ASAM, CLDN1, DSCAM,TMEM88, PLXNA2, CD177, TMEM144, GPR37, GJA5, SEMA6D, NIPAL2, GPR151,MCC, TMEM136, KCNG1, LHFPL2, MOSPD1, SLC37A1, LRIT3, EPHA4, GPR177, andIL1R1, wherein downregulation above a predetermined threshold of anexpression level of the marker negatively associated with the pancreaticdifferentiation as compared to the expression level of the marker in areference cell, wherein the reference cell is a definite endodermal cellwhich expresses SOX17, is indicative of a positive identification of apancreatic progenitor cell, and alternatively or additionally; (ii)positively associated with pancreatic differentiation, the marker beingselected from the group consisting of: TACSTD2 (TROP-2), GPR50, BST2,NTRK2, ITGA4, KDR, PTPRN, LGI1, VIPR2, SLC2A1, MUC15, MUC12, LPHN3,MUC16, VTCN1, MMP16, FZD3, ITGB6, GFRA3, ROBO1, NLGN1, MUC12, CNTFR,LPHN1, SULF1, ADAM23, SCUBE3, PLAU, CDON, SLIT2, C7orf68, PLXDC2, CD74,MUC15, GPR56, VTCN1, ITGB6, AREG, BOC, KLRK1, PRTG, PTPRZ1, GABRP, SILV,KIAA1772, PLP1, OVOS, HAPLN1, EPHA7, ENO2, PCDHB5, OVOS, SYT1, DCT,GPAM, SLITRK6, DCC, FREM2, SDK2, CGA, ATP1B2, SEMA3D, PCDHB15, CDH1,WNT8B, LPAR4, NPIPL3, FAM171B, PTN, ABCC2, ADAMTS3, RASA4, CPT1C,SLC6A6, PCDHB3, LRRC37B, RNFT2, KCNG3, TRPC1, ALPPL2, OR4F21, CCL2,KIF5A, OLFM2, CACNG7, MPHOSPH9, SLC13A4, MOXD1, C6orf186, SLC4A8, STX16,AMY2A, SPARCL1, MGP, A2M, DCN, ATP8B1, MMRN1, EMP1, PLA2G2A, PDE3A,TLR3, CYP1B1, PTGIS, RFTN2, PLEKHA2, SMOC1, STOM, JAM2, CHL1, SCG5,IGFBP7, NPR3, IFI6, CR1L, OR2A4, OR2A7, KCNG3, CACNG7, GRID2, CDH1,LPAR3, SEMA6A, PTPRZ1, ATP1A3, CAMKV, SCNN1G, SYT6, SLC18A2, PCDHB5,ABCG2, HLA-DRA, CR1L, HTR2C, EDNRB, PCDH11X, SLC17A7, SCNN1A, CD9,CXCL16, FXYD5, GABRQ, GFRA3, CACNA2D2, CLDN4, PTPRN, PLP1, PDPN, MMP24,SDK2, GPR176, GPR64, GPR160, PCDH11Y, NKAIN4, ATP1B2, SCN8A, THBS4, CR2,HLA-DQA1, HLA-DRA, HTR7, SLC2A1, HLA-DRA, KCNS3, SLC7A3, HLA-DPB2,CACNA1B, and GPR143 wherein upregulation above a predetermined thresholdof an expression level of the marker positively associated with thepancreatic differentiation as compared to the expression level of themarker in a reference cell, wherein the reference cell is a definiteendodermal cell which expresses SOX17, is indicative of a positiveidentification of a pancreatic progenitor cells, and alternatively oradditionally; (iii) negatively associated with pancreaticdifferentiation, the marker being selected from the group consisting of:TMPRSS11E, LGR5, SLC39A8, TM4SF18, CUZD1, GPC4, SLC22A3, CXCR4, NRN1,TMBIM4, THBS2, SLC7A5, and TMEM47, wherein downregulation above apredetermined threshold of an expression level of the marker negativelyassociated with pancreatic differentiation as compared to the expressionlevel of the marker in a reference cell, wherein the reference cell isan undifferentiated embryonic stem cell (ESC), is indicative of apositive identification of a pancreatic progenitor cell, andalternatively or additionally; (iv) positively associated withpancreatic differentiation, the marker being selected from the groupconsisting of: TACSTD2 (TROP-2), LRP2, LAMA1, GPC3, LGI1, FN1, LPHN3,FGB, KIT, DPP4, TRO, SPA17, ROBO2, DLK1, BST2, PRTG, LRP2, CACNG7, DLK1,CACNA2D2, CR1L, SCNN1G, HTR2C, LPAR3, THBS3, KCNG3, SDK2, HLA-DRA,SLC18A2, CXCL16, TMEM63C, SLC17A7, GFRA3, PRTG, DKK1, APOA2, AFP, APOB,FLRT3, KIAA1772, FBN2, FRZB, KLK6, FREM2, RSPO3, APOA1, APOA1, SEMA3D,KEL, BMP5, HEPH, STMN2, CACNB3, CHST9, TMC7, FAM171B, ATP5G1, FOLR1,ABCC2, EFNA5, CPT1C, MAGED1, RASA4, KDELR3, ST6GALNAC2, EDNRA, LRRC37B,ABCC4, CLCN5, MBOAT2, SLC44A5, NPC2, ELFN1, MMD, SLC5A3, IMPAD1, OSTC,DSC2, SLC31A1, SLC5A12, LRRN3, NPIPL3, GDPD1, NPIPL3, NPIPL3, LINGO2,and LYPD6B, wherein upregulation above a predetermined threshold of anexpression level of the marker positively associated with pancreaticdifferentiation as compared to the expression level of the marker in areference cell, wherein the reference cell is an undifferentiated ESC,is indicative of a positive identification of a pancreatic progenitorcell; thereby identifying the pancreatic progenitor cells.

As shown in FIG. 4D and described in Example 2 of the Examples sectionwhich follows, pancreatic progenitor cells identified according to themethod of some embodiments of the invention express typical pancreaticprogenitor cell markers, such as PDX1, hlxb9, Hnf6, ngn3, and Pax4.

According to some embodiments of the invention, the population of cellswhich comprises pancreatic progenitor cells express a transcriptionfactor selected from the group consisting of PDX1, ngn3, pax4, hlxb9,nkx6.1, Hnf6, and sox9.

According to some embodiments of the invention, the definite endodermalcells are identified by a method comprising determining in a populationof cells which comprises definite endodermal cells at least one markerthat is: (i) negatively associated with definite endodermal cells, themarker being selected from the group consisting of: KDR, PCDHB5, FAT4,FLT1, NRN1, THBS2, PTPRZ1, SLC6A15, GPR176, SEMA6A, THBS1, CDH11, GRID2,SLC7A11, CDH1, LRFN5, EDNRB, THY1, NETO1, KCND2, TMPRSS11E, CD44, PDPN,SLC7A1, KAL1, KCNG3, GPM6B, FXYD5, PCDH18, ICAM3, MCTP1, TACR3, TMEM155,ZFP42, THUMPD3, ANXA1, SPP1, PRDM14, GNA14, EDIL3, CXCL12, PSMD5, PRRX1,NANOG, TRIM22, NANOG, RASGRF2, POU5F1B, POLR3G, HHLA1, POU5F1, VSNL1,SCG3, B3GALT1, LECT1, NTS, MBNL1, CKMT1A, NECAB1, FGF2, SFRP2, DCLK1,DACT1, CRABP1, TFAP2C, SCGB3A2, LRAT, CUZD1, GLB1L3, METTL7A, VAT1L,COL12A1, OLFML3, SOX2, USP44, HIST1H4F, KGFLP1, CPT1A, DBC1, CHAC1,CAV1, MT1G, NFIX, FERMT1, GLIPR1, TOX, SNRPN (SNORD116-6), HEY2, T1MP4,IDO1, MT2A, NR5A2, UPRT, MYC, CCDC109B, GAL, ZNF483, RND3, BNC2, COL3A1,LUM, LDB2, MT1E, SNRPN (SNORD116-23), SNRPN (SNORD116-27), GALNT3,PIPDX, PDK1, PREX2, CYP2S1, NRK, VAV3, TNFAIP6, ENPP1, ADD2, SNRPN(SNORD116-24), SNRPN (SNORD109A), STC2, SNORA22, MPPED2, ZNF562, GAP43,FOXB1, TSHZ3, HPGD, ZDHHC22, ACOXL, GLI3, CDCA7L, ZSCAN10, GFPT2, PLP2,HIST1H1A, CAMKV, HERC5, MT1X, TERF1, RAB31, SNRPN (SNORD116-13), ETV1,MT1G, ACTA1, SNRPN (SNORD116-20), NFIB, ZEB2, CBR1, ATXN7L1, SNRPN(SNORD116-1), MT1F, SNRPN (SNORD116-29), AP1M2, ACTG2, CYP2B6, SERPINE1,GRHL2, SLIT2, PIM2, SMARCA2, and RPPH1, wherein downregulation above apredetermined threshold of an expression level of the marker negativelyassociated with definite endodermal cells as compared to the expressionlevel of the marker in a reference cell, wherein the reference cell isan undifferentiated embryonic stem cell (hESC), is indicative of apositive identification of a definite endodermal cell, and alternativelyor additionally; (ii) positively associated with definite endodermalcells, the marker being selected from the group consisting of: FLRT3,FSHR, LIFR, ROR2, KEL, TRPA1, CD177, CCKBR, APOA1, APOA1, FZD5, FN1,BMP2, ADAMTS9, DPP4, FGA, COLEC12, GPR128, IGFBP5, FZD4, ITGA5, STC1,TNFSF4, CD177, IHH, LRP2, LAMA1, GPC3, LGI1, FN1, LPHN3, FGB, KIT, DPP4,TRO, SPA17, ROBO2, DLK1, CST1, DKK1, HAS2, APOA2, CDH2, LGR5, AFP, APOB,DGKK, HP, SYTL5, SLC7A7, TTR, FRZB, RSPO3, GCNT1, DIO3, TMEM27, APOC1,EPHA4, C4orf18, GLIPR2, PCDH10, F10, BMP5, FMO5, FOLR1, STMN2, SLC5A9,PORCN, EGFLAM, RAB17, CST2, PNPLA3, MOSPD1, ELMO1, CHST9, SLC30A10,TMC7, C8orf49, CDH12, ST8SIA4, SLCO2A1, MANEA, LRIG3, HCN1, ADAMTS12,FOLH1, TMEM144, VTN, CAMK2N1, ABCC4, PCDH7, OR2T4, UNC93A, COL4A6,PAMR1, SLC1A1, PROS1, APOM, APOM, APOM, LYPD6B, TMEM88, ITLN2, BMPER,GPR141, VEGFA, PRTG, DKK1, APOA2, AFP, APOB, FLRT3, KIAA1772, FBN2,FRZB, KLK6, FREM2, RSPO3, APOA1, APOA1, SEMA3D, KEL, BMP5, HEPH, STMN2,CACNB3, CHST9, TMC7, FAM171B, ATP5G1, FOLR1, ABCC2, EFNA5, CPT1C,MAGED1, RASA4, KDELR3, ST6GALNAC2, EDNRA, LRRC37B, ABCC4, CLCN5, MBOAT2,SLC44A5, NPC2, ELFN1, MMD, SLC5A3, IMPAD1, OSTC, DSC2, SLC31A1, SLC5A12,LRRN3, NPIPL3, GDPD1, NPIPL3, NPIPL3, LINGO2, TRPA1, SLC40A1, SLC30A10,CCKBR, VIPR2, COLEC12, FLRT3, LGR5, GPR141, BST2, SLC5A9, GPR128, KEL,LRIG3, LYPD6B, FSHR, LIFR, FOLH1, CXCR4, ITGA5, AMOT, LY6E, SEMA6D,GJA5, PRTG, CD34, TMEM144, ROR2, GPR177, OR2T4, SLC7A7, KCNJ3, CLDN18,GPR151, SLC44A5, CDH10, TMEM27, SLC1A1, TMEM56, CD177, PLXNA2, SLC26A2,DSCAM, TMEM133, IL13RA1, ATP2B1, CD302, MEGF9, EDNRA, CDH2, GPR161,TYRO3, FLRT2, LRIT3, PCDH7, NRCAM, SMAGP, AMHR2, ELTD1, GRPR, EPHA4,CD99, GATA3, SEMA3E, HHEX, ZNF280A, FAM184A, WDR72, PDZK1, RLBP1L2,SHISA2, VIL1, STMN2, APOA2, SERHL, PPFIBP2, DKK1, MUM1L1, IGFBP5,ST6GALNAC2, TSPYL5, STC1, SYTL5, EPSTI1, ANKRD1, ARHGAP24, KRT18P49,PRSS2, RHOBTB3, FRZB, RARB, ADAMTS9, ARL4D, PRDM1, HP, FZD5, TRY6,ATP6V0D2, ANGPT2, DENND2C, BMP5, FOXA2, HAS2, BMP2, S100A16, FOLH1B,FAM122C, FZD4, C5, S100A14, VEGFA, CLIP4, GPAM, HNF1B, APOA1, CFLAR,RBM24, RNF152, TTR, TTN, EGFLAM, APOB, DIO3, IFLTD1, ABCC4, CCDC141,ENC1, NEK2, ELMO1, SPOCK3, SERPINI1, ACSL1, GATM, EHHADH, NUDT4, CST1,GLUD2, NPL, ZNF702P, TRY6, SPOCK1, AGL, TFF1, DGKK, SALL1, MANEA, KIT,KRT19, TNNC1, SEPP 1, ST8SIA4, YPEL2, ANKMY2, DNAJC15, RNF128, PTPN13,F10, SAMD3, GCNT1, IPP, PROS1, SV2B, PLOD2, MAGEH1, CHST9, ZNF518B,TMEM106C, SERHL2, NTN4, SOX17, FRRS1, OTX2, RNASEL, ELMOD2, MYCT1, PAX6,MGST2, BBS5, MTSS1, VTN, WBP5, DUB4, CCDC92, BTG2, LPGAT1, FN1, TBX3,PLCE1, KRT19P2, IFI16, PORCN, PRSS1, MYL7, DUSP4, PROS1, ANKRD20B,CTSL2, FMO5, USP27X, LAMA1, ADAM28, ZNF611, ANKRD20B, ZNF137, S100Z,GPSM2, TGFB2, and ARHGAP28, wherein upregulation above a predeterminedthreshold of an expression level of the marker positively associatedwith definite endodermal cells as compared to the expression level ofthe marker in a reference cell, wherein the reference cell is anundifferentiated embryonic stem cell (hESC), is indicative of a positiveidentification of a definite endodermal cell, thereby identifying thedefinite endodermal cells.

According to some embodiments of the invention the at least one markerpositively associated with pancreatic differentiation is selected fromthe group consisting of: TACSTD2 (TROP-2), GPR50, BST2, LGI1, VIPR2,SLC2A1, MUC15, MUC12, LPHN3, MUC16, VTCN1, MMP16, FZD3, ITGB6, GFRA3,ROBO1, NLGN1, MUC12, CNTFR, LPHN1, SULF1, ADAM23, SCUBE3, PLAU, CDON,SLIT2, C7orf68, PLXDC2, CD74, MUC15, GPR56, VTCN1, ITGB6, NTRK2, AREG,BOC, ITGA4, KLRK1, PRTG, PTPRZ1, GABRP, SILV, KIAA1772, PLP1, OVOS,HAPLN1, EPHA7, ENO2, PCDHB5, OVOS, SYT1, DCT, GPAM, SLITRK6, DCC, FREM2,SDK2, CGA, ATP1B2, SEMA3D, PCDHB15, CDH1, WNT8B, LPAR4, NPIPL3, FAM171B,PTN, ABCC2, ADAMTS3, RASA4, CPT1C, SLC6A6, PCDHB3, LRRC37B, RNFT2,KCNG3, TRPC1, ALPPL2, OR4F21, CCL2, KIF5A, OLFM2, CACNG7, MPHOSPH9,SLC13A4, MOXD1, C6orf186, SLC4A8, STX16, AMY2A, SPARCL1, MGP, A2M, DCN,ATP8B1, MMRN1, EMP1, PLA2G2A, PDE3A, TLR3, CYP1B1, PTGIS, RFTN2,PLEKHA2, SMOC1, STOM, JAM2, CHL1, SCG5, IGFBP7, NPR3, IFI6, CR1L, OR2A4,and OR2A7.

According to some embodiments of the invention the at least one markerpositively associated with pancreatic differentiation is selected fromthe group consisting of: TACSTD2 (TROP-2), BST2, GPR50, ROBO1, NTRK2,ITGA4, LGI1, VIPR2, SLC2A1, MUC15, MUC12, LPHN3, MUC16, VTCN1, MMP16,FZD3, ITGB6, GFRA3, NLGN1, MUC12, CNTFR, LPHN1, SULF1, ADAM23, SCUBE3,PLAU, CDON, SLIT2, C7orf68, PLXDC2, CD74, MUC15, GPR56, VTCN1, ITGB6,AREG, BOC, and KLRK1.

According to some embodiments of the invention the at least one markerpositively associated with pancreatic differentiation is TROP-2.

According to some embodiments of the invention the at least one markerpositively associated with pancreatic differentiation is GPR50.

According to some embodiments of the invention the at least one markerpositively associated with pancreatic differentiation comprises at leasttwo markers, said at least two markers are TROP-2 and GPR50.

According to some embodiments of the invention the at least one markerpositively associated with pancreatic differentiation comprises at leastthree markers, said at least three markers comprise TROP-2, GPR50 and atleast one marker selected from the group consisting of TACSTD2 (TROP-2),GPR50, BST2, NTRK2, ITGA4, KDR, PTPRN, LGI1, VIPR2, SLC2A1, MUC15,MUC12, LPHN3, MUC16, VTCN1, MMP16, FZD3, ITGB6, GFRA3, ROBO1, NLGN1,MUC12, CNTFR, LPHN1, SULF1, ADAM23, SCUBE3, PLAU, CDON, SLIT2, C7orf68,PLXDC2, CD74, MUC15, GPR56, VTCN1, ITGB6, AREG, BOC, KLRK1, PRTG,PTPRZ1, GABRP, SILV, KIAA1772, PLP1, OVOS, HAPLN1, EPHA7, ENO2, PCDHB5,OVOS, SYT1, DCT, GPAM, SLITRK6, DCC, FREM2, SDK2, CGA, ATP1B2, SEMA3D,PCDHB15, CDH1, WNT8B, LPAR4, NPIPL3, FAM171B, PTN, ABCC2, ADAMTS3,RASA4, CPT1C, SLC6A6, PCDHB3, LRRC37B, RNFT2, KCNG3, TRPC1, ALPPL2,OR4F21, CCL2, KIF5A, OLFM2, CACNG7, MPHOSPH9, SLC13A4, MOXD1, C6orf186,SLC4A8, STX16, AMY2A, SPARCL1, MGP, A2M, DCN, ATP8B1, MMRN1, EMP1,PLA2G2A, PDE3A, TLR3, CYP1B1, PTGIS, RFTN2, PLEKHA2, SMOC1, STOM, JAM2,CHL1, SCG5, IGFBP7, NPR3, IFI6, CR1L, OR2A4, OR2A7, KCNG3, CACNG7,GRID2, CDH1, LPAR3, SEMA6A, PTPRZ1, ATP1A3, CAMKV, SCNN1G, SYT6,SLC18A2, PCDHB5, ABCG2, HLA-DRA, CR1L, HTR2C, EDNRB, PCDH11X, SLC17A7,SCNN1A, CD9, CXCL16, FXYD5, GABRQ, GFRA3, CACNA2D2, CLDN4, PLP1, PDPN,MMP24, SDK2, GPR176, GPR64, GPR160, PCDH11Y, NKAIN4, ATP1B2, SCN8A,THBS4, CR2, HLA-DQA1, HLA-DRA, HTR7, SLC2A1, HLA-DRA, KCNS3, SLC7A3,HLA-DPB2, CACNA1B, and GPR143.

According to some embodiments of the invention, the at least one markerpositively associated with definite endodermal cells is selected fromthe group consisting of: COLEC12, ROR2, FLRT3, LGR5, LIFR, KEL, FSHR,TRPA1, FOLR1, LRP2, FOLH1, CD177, CCKBR, ITGA5, FZD5, FN1, BMP2,ADAMTS9, DPP4, FGA, GPR128, IGFBP5, FZD4, STC1, TNFSF4, CD177, IHH,APOA1, APOA1, LAMA1, GPC3, LGI1, FN1, LPHN3, FGB, KIT, DPP4, TRO, SPA17,ROBO2, DLK1, CST1, DKK1, HAS2, APOA2, CDH2, AFP, APOB, DGKK, HP, SYTL5,SLC7A7, TTR, FRZB, RSPO3, GCNT1, DIO3, TMEM27, APOC1, EPHA4, C4orf18,GLIPR2, PCDH10, F10, BMP5, FMO5, STMN2, SLC5A9, PORCN, EGFLAM, RAB17,CST2, PNPLA3, MOSPD1, ELMO1, CHST9, SLC30A10, TMC7, C8orf49, CDH12,ST8SIA4, SLCO2A1, MANEA, LRIG3, HCN1, ADAMTS12, TMEM144, VTN, CAMK2N1,ABCC4, PCDH7, OR2T4, UNC93A, COL4A6, PAMR1, SLC1A1, PROS1, APOM, APOM,APOM, LYPD6B, TMEM88, ITLN2, BMPER, GPR141, VEGFA, PRTG, DKK1, APOA2,AFP, APOB, FLRT3, KIAA1772, FBN2, FRZB, KLK6, FREM2, RSPO3, APOA1,APOA1, SEMA3D, KEL, BMP5, HEPH, STMN2, CACNB3, CHST9, TMC7, FAM171B,ATP5G1, FOLR1, ABCC2, EFNA5, CPT1C, MAGED1, RASA4, KDELR3, ST6GALNAC2,EDNRA, LRRC37B, ABCC4, CLCN5, MBOAT2, SLC44A5, NPC2, ELFN1, MMD, SLC5A3,IMPAD1, OSTC, DSC2, SLC31A1, SLC5A12, LRRN3, NPIPL3, GDPD1, NPIPL3,NPIPL3, LINGO2, and LYPD6B.

According to some embodiments of the invention, the at least one markerpositively associated with definite endodermal cells is selected fromthe group consisting of: FSHR, LIFR, COLEC12, ROR2, ITGA5, CD177, CCKBR,APOA1, APOA1, FZD5, FN1, BMP2, ADAMTS9, DPP4, FGA, GPR128, IGFBP5, FZD4,STC1, TNFSF4, CD177, IHH, LRP2, LAMA1, GPC3, LGI1, FN1, LPHN3, FGB, KIT,DPP4, TRO, SPA17, ROBO2, and DLK1.

The phrase “embryonic stem cell” refers to an embryonic cell capable ofdifferentiating into cells of all three embryonic germ layers (i.e.,endoderm, ectoderm and mesoderm), or remaining in an undifferentiatedstate.

According to some embodiments of the invention, the ESC which is used asreference cell is a human ESC obtained from the embryonic tissue formedafter gestation (e.g., blastocyst) before implantation (i.e., apre-implantation blastocyst).

The embryonic stem cells of the invention can be obtained usingwell-known cell-culture methods. For example, human embryonic stem cellscan be isolated from human blastocysts. Human blastocysts are typicallyobtained from human in vivo preimplantation embryos or from in vitrofertilized (IVF) embryos. Alternatively, a single cell human embryo canbe expanded to the blastocyst stage. For the isolation of human ES cellsthe zona pellucida is removed from the blastocyst and the inner cellmass (ICM) is isolated by immunosurgery, in which the trophectodermcells are lysed and removed from the intact ICM by gentle pipetting. TheICM is then plated in a tissue culture flask containing the appropriatemedium which enables its outgrowth. Following 9 to 15 days, the ICMderived outgrowth is dissociated into clumps either by a mechanicaldissociation or by an enzymatic degradation and the cells are thenre-plated on a fresh tissue culture medium. Colonies demonstratingundifferentiated morphology are individually selected by micropipette,mechanically dissociated into clumps, and re-plated. Resulting ES cellsare then routinely split every 4-7 days. For further details on methodsof preparation human ES cells see Thomson et al., [U.S. Pat. No.5,843,780; Science 282: 1145, 1998; Curr. Top. Dev. Biol. 38: 133, 1998;Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92: 7844, 1995]; Bongso et al., [Hum Reprod4: 706, 1989]; and Gardner et al., [Fertil. Steril. 69: 84, 1998].

It will be appreciated that commercially available stem cells can alsobe used with this aspect of the present invention. Human ES cells can bepurchased from the NIH human embryonic stem cells registry(www.escr.nih.gov). Non-limiting examples of commercially availableembryonic stem cell lines are BG01, BG02, BG03, BG04, CY12, CY30, CY92,CY10, TE03, TE04 and TE06.

According to the method of some embodiments of the invention, the hESCsare undifferentiated hESCs.

According to some embodiments of the invention, the undifferentiatedhESCs are characterized by an Oct4+ expression pattern.

According to an aspect of some embodiments of the invention, there isprovided a method of isolating pancreatic progenitor cells, comprising:(a) identifying the pancreatic progenitor cells according to the methodof some embodiments of the invention, and (b) isolating the pancreaticprogenitor cells identified according to step (a) to thereby obtainisolated pancreatic progenitor cells, thereby isolating the pancreaticprogenitor cells.

As used herein the term “isolating” refers to at least partiallyseparating from the natural environment e.g., the population of cells.

Isolating the pancreatic progenitor cells from the cell population canbe performed by any immunological based method which results in thephysical isolation of pancreatic progenitor cells having a specific cellsurface marker using an antibody or an antibody fragment whichspecifically recognizes the marker. Examples include, but are notlimited to isolation by fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) usingthe specific antibodies, magnetic beads coated by the specificantibodies [Magnetic-activated cell sorting (MACS)], columns coated bythe specific antibodies or immunopanning

According to some embodiments of the invention, step (b) of the methodof some embodiments of the invention is effected by an immunologicalisolation assay selected from the group consisting of fluorescentactivated cell sorter (FACS), Magnetic-activated cell sorting (MACS) orimmunopanning

For example, for isolation using fluorescence-activated cell sorting,the cells are labeled with a fluorescent antibody (e.g., PE-conjugatedanti TROP-2 antibody, or PE-conjugated anti GPR50 antibody) and theninserted into a cell sorter (e.g., FACS Aria sorter).

For isolation using magnetic beads, the cells are labeled with amagnetic bead conjugated antibody anti TROP-2 antibody (Miltenyi Biotec)or anti GPR antibody; alternatively, the cells can be labeled with anon-conjugated antibody and followed by incubation with a match isotypebead conjugated secondary antibody (anti mouse IgG1 bead conjugated).Isolation can be performed using magnetic cell separation column such asMAX (Miltenyi Biotec).

According to an aspect of some embodiments of the invention, there isprovided an isolated population of pancreatic progenitor cells obtainedaccording to the method of some embodiments of the invention.

According to some embodiments of the invention, the isolated pancreaticprogenitor cell population is characterized by TROP-2+ expressionpattern.

According to some embodiments of the invention, the isolated pancreaticprogenitor cell population is characterized by TROP-2+/GPR50+ expressionpattern.

According to some embodiments of the invention, the isolated pancreaticprogenitor cell population is characterized by anngn3+/pax4+/hlxb9+/nkx6.1+/Hnf6+/sox9+/PDX1+ expression signature.

According to an aspect of some embodiments of the invention, there isprovided an isolated population of pancreatic progenitor cells,comprising at least about 50%, at least about 60%, e.g., at least about75% (e.g., 75%), e.g., at least about 80% (e.g., 80%), e.g., at leastabout 85% (e.g., 85%), e.g., at least about 90% (e.g., 90%), e.g., atleast about 95% (e.g., 95%), e.g., at least about 96%, e.g., at leastabout 97%, e.g., at least about 98%, e.g., at least about 99%, e.g.,100% of cells having a TROP-2+ and/or TROP-2+/GPR50+ expression pattern.

According to some embodiments of the invention, the isolated populationof pancreatic progenitor cells is characterized by aTROP-2+/GPR50+/ngn3+/pax4+/hlxb9+/nkx6.1+/Hnf6+/sox9+/PDX1+ expressionsignature.

According to an aspect of some embodiments of the invention, there isprovided an isolated population of pancreatic progenitor cells,comprising at least about 50%, at least about 60%, e.g., at least about75% (e.g., 75%), e.g., at least about 80% (e.g., 80%), e.g., at leastabout 85% (e.g., 85%), e.g., at least about 90% (e.g., 90%), e.g., atleast about 95% (e.g., 95%), e.g., at least about 96%, e.g., at leastabout 97%, e.g., at least about 98%, e.g., at least about 99%, e.g.,100% of cells PDX1+.

According to some embodiments of the invention, the isolated populationof pancreatic progenitor cells is characterized by aTROP-2+/ngn3+/pax4+/hlxb9+/nkx6.1+/Hnf6+/sox9+/PDX1+ expressionsignature.

According to some embodiments of the invention, the pancreaticprogenitor cells are genetically unmodified (i.e., were not subjected togenetic manipulation, using e.g., recombinant DNA techniques).

According to some embodiments of the invention, the isolated populationof pancreatic progenitor cells can be further expanded to produce anexpanded population of cells.

Following are non-limiting protocols for culturing and expanding thepancreatic progenitor cells isolated according to some embodiments ofthe invention, e.g., the TROP-2+/GPR50+ cells:

Protocol 1:

The pancreatic progenitor cells (e.g., TROP-2+/GPR50+ cells) are platedon adherent tissue culture plates and cultured in the presence of theDMEM medium (Invitrogen) supplemented with 1% B27 (Invitrogen) [Forfurther details see Kroon 2008 (Nat Biotechnol. 2008; 26:443-52. Epub2008 February 20) and D'Amour 2006 (Nat Biotechnol. 2006, 24:1392-401.Epub 2006 October 19), each of which is fully incorporated herein byreference]. The medium can be further supplemented with retinoic acid(RA, all trans retinoic acid at a concentration of 2 μM), CYC (KAADcyclopamine 0.25 μM), and Nog (noggin 50 ng/ml). Additionally oralternatively, the medium can be supplemented with 2 μM RA, 0.25 μM CYC,and 50 ng/m FGF10. Additionally or alternatively, the medium can besupplemented with 50 ng/ml Exendin 4, with or without 1 μM DAPT.Additionally or alternatively, the medium can be CMRL (Invitrogen)supplemented with 1% BSA, 50 ng/ml IGF-1 and 50 ng/ml HGF with orwithout 50 ng/ml Exendin 4. Additionally or alternatively, the cells canbe cultured in DMEM/F12 (Invitrogen), supplemented with N2 (Invitrogen),BSA (2 mg/ml) and bFGF (10 ng/ml) for 4 days, followed by 8 days ofculturing in the presence of nicotinamide (10 mM), or alternativelyculturing in DMEM/F12 (Invitrogen) supplemented with nicotinamide (10mM) for 8 days.

Protocol 2:

The pancreatic progenitor cells (e.g., TROP-2+/GPR50+ cells) are platedon adherent tissue culture plates and cultured in the presence of theDMEM medium supplemented with 1% B27, with or without Indolactam V(e.g., at a concentration of 330 mM). Additionally or alternatively, thepancreatic progenitor cells are plated on adherent tissue culture platesand cultured in the presence of the DMEM medium supplemented with 1%B27, 2 μM RA, 50 ng/ml FGF10, 0.25 μM KAAD-cyclopamine and cultured forup to 3 days, followed by culturing the cells in the DMEM medium, in thepresence of 1% B27, 50 ng/ml FGF10 with or without ILV (e.g., at aconcentration of 300 nM) for up to 4 days [for further details seeBorowiak 2009 (Cell Stem Cell. 2009; 4: 348-58) and Chen 2009 (Nat ChemBiol. 2009; 5:258-65. Epub 2009 March 15), each of which is fullyincorporated herein by reference].

According to an aspect of some embodiments of the invention, there isprovided a method of qualifying a pancreatic progenitor cell population,comprising: determining in a sample of the cell population a percentageof the pancreatic progenitor cells which are identified according to themethod of some embodiments of the invention out of the total cells inthe sample, thereby qualifying the pancreatic progenitor cellpopulation.

According to some embodiments of the invention, pancreatic progenitorcell population has been isolated according to the method of someembodiments of the invention.

According to some embodiments of the invention, presence of at least apredetermined percentage of the pancreatic progenitor cells in the cellsample indicates the suitability of the pancreatic progenitor cells fortransplantation in a subject.

According to some embodiments of the invention, the predeterminedpercentage of the pancreatic progenitor cells comprises at least about80%, e.g., at least 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%,91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or 100% pancreaticprogenitor cells.

According to an aspect of some embodiments of the invention, there isprovided a method of isolating insulin producing cells, comprisingculturing the pancreatic progenitor cells isolated by the method of someembodiments of the invention, or the pancreatic progenitor cellpopulation qualified according to the method of some embodiments of theinvention under conditions suitable for maturation of the pancreaticprogenitor cells into beta cells, thereby isolating insulin producingcells.

Methods and conditions suitable for maturation of the pancreaticprogenitor cells into beta cells are known in the art and described inKroon 2008 (Nat Biotechnol. 2008; 26:443-52), D'Amour 2006 (NatBiotechnol. 2006, 24:1392-401), Borowiak 2009 (Cell Stem Cell. 2009; 4:348-58) and Chen 2009 (Nat Chem Biol. 2009; 5:258-65. Epub 2009 March15), each of which is fully incorporated herein by reference in itsentirety.

According to an aspect of some embodiments of the invention, there isprovided a method of transplanting pancreatic progenitor cells in asubject, (a) qualifying the pancreatic progenitor cells according to themethod of some embodiments of the invention, wherein presence of atleast a predetermined percentage of the pancreatic progenitor cells inthe cell sample indicates the suitability of the pancreatic progenitorcells for transplantation in a subject, to thereby obtain a pancreaticprogenitor cell population being suitable for transplantation in asubject, (b) transplanting in the subject the pancreatic progenitor cellpopulation or cells derived therefrom being suitable for transplantationin a subject, thereby transplanting the pancreatic progenitor cells inthe subject.

As used herein the phrase “cells derived therefrom” refers to cellswhich are differentiated from the pancreatic progenitor cells.

According to some embodiments of the invention, the cells which aredifferentiated from the pancreatic progenitor cells are capable ofproducing insulin.

According to some embodiments of the invention, the pancreaticprogenitor cell population or cells derived therefrom can beencapsulated prior to transplantation in the subject.

The primary goal in encapsulation as a cell therapy is to protectallogeneic and xenogeneic cell transplants from destruction by the hostimmune system, thereby eliminating or reducing the need forimmuno-suppressive drug therapy. Techniques for macro andmicroencapsulation of cells are known to those of skill in the art (see,for example, Chang, P. et al. 1999; Matthew, H. W. et al. 1991; Yanagi,K. et al. 1989; Cai Z. H. et al. 1988; Chang, T. M. 1992).

Encapsulation techniques are generally classified as microencapsulation,involving small spherical vehicles and macroencapsulation, involvinglarger flat-sheet and hollow-fiber membranes (Uludag, H. et al.Technology of mammalian cell encapsulation. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2000;42: 29-64).

Methods of preparing microcapsules are known in the arts and include forexample those disclosed by Lu M Z, et al., Cell encapsulation withalginate and alpha-phenoxycinnamylidene-acetylated poly(allylamine)Biotechnol Bioeng. 2000, 70: 479-83, Chang T M and Prakash S. Proceduresfor microencapsulation of enzymes, cells and genetically engineeredmicroorganisms. Mol Biotechnol. 2001, 17: 249-60, and Lu M Z, et al., Anovel cell encapsulation method using photosensitive poly(allylaminealpha-cyanocinnamylideneacetate). J. Microencapsul. 2000, 17: 245-51.

For example, microcapsules are prepared by complexing modified collagenwith a ter-polymer shell of 2-hydroxyethyl methylacrylate (HEMA),methacrylic acid (MAA) and methyl methacrylate (MMA), resulting in acapsule thickness of 2-5 μm. Such microcapsules can be furtherencapsulated with additional 2-5 μm ter-polymer shells in order toimpart a negatively charged smooth surface and to minimize plasmaprotein absorption (Chia, S. M. et al. Multi-layered microcapsules forcell encapsulation Biomaterials. 2002 23: 849-56).

Other microcapsules are based on alginate, a marine polysaccharide(Sambanis, A. Encapsulated islets in diabetes treatment. DiabetesThechnol. Ther. 2003, 5: 665-8) or its derivatives. For example,microcapsules can be prepared by the polyelectrolyte complexationbetween the polyanions sodium alginate and sodium cellulose sulphatewith the polycation poly(methylene-co-guanidine) hydrochloride in thepresence of calcium chloride.

It will be appreciated that cell encapsulation is improved when smallercapsules are used. Thus, the quality control, mechanical stability,diffusion properties, and in vitro activities of encapsulated cellsimproved when the capsule size was reduced from 1 mm to 400 μm (CanapleL. et al., Improving cell encapsulation through size control. J BiomaterSci Polym Ed. 2002; 13: 783-96). Moreover, nanoporous biocapsules withwell-controlled pore size as small as 7 nm, tailored surface chemistriesand precise microarchitectures were found to successfully immunoisolatemicroenvironments for cells (Williams D. Small is beautiful:microparticle and nanoparticle technology in medical devices. Med DeviceTechnol. 1999, 10: 6-9; Desai, T. A. Microfabrication technology forpancreatic cell encapsulation. Expert Opin Biol Ther. 2002, 2: 633-46).

Additional methods of cell encapsulation are well known in the art, suchas those described in European Patent Publication No. 301,777 or U.S.Pat. Nos. 4,353,888; 4,744,933; 4,749,620; 4,814,274; 5,084,350;5,089,272; 5,578,442; 5,639,275; and 5,676,943, each of which isincorporated herein by reference. Other methods are described U.S. Pat.No. 6,281,341,; Desai 2002 Exp. Opin. Biol. Hortelano et al. 1996 Blood87:5095-5103; Pelegrin et al. 1998 Gene Ther. 5:828-834; Lohr et al.2001 Lancet 357:1591-1592; Cirone et al. Hum. Gene Ther. 13: 1157-1166,each of which is hereby incorporated by reference in it's entirety.

The ordinary skilled artisan will select a biocompatible, as well as amechanically and chemically stable membrane of a suitable permeabilitycut-off value that provides immune protection to the implant, functionalperformance, biosafety and long term survival of the graft.

Encapsulated cells generated according to the present teachings can beused in a myriad of research and clinical applications.

As used herein the term “subject” includes mammals, preferably humanbeings at any age which may benefit from transplantation of pancreaticcells.

According to some embodiments of the invention, the subject suffers frominsulin insufficiency.

According to some embodiments of the invention, the subject hasdiabetes.

According to some embodiments of the invention, the subject hasinsulin-dependent diabetes such as type I or type II diabetes.

According to some embodiments of the invention, the subject has loss orreduced of insulin production. For example, the subject has an injuredpancreas (e.g., due to a trauma), suffers from pancreatitis and/orsuffers from a pancreatic tumor.

According to some embodiments of the invention, the subject haspancreatic cancer and being treated with an agent which kills or reducesthe number of beta cells, such as Zanosar (streptozotocin).

According to an aspect of some embodiments of the invention, there isprovided a method of identifying definite endodermal cells, comprisingdetermining in a population of cells which comprises definite endodermalcells at least one marker that is negatively associated with definiteendodermal cells, the marker being selected from the group consistingof: KDR, PCDHB5, FAT4, FLT1, NRN1, THBS2, PTPRZ1, SLC6A15, GPR176,SEMA6A, THBS1, CDH11, GRID2, SLC7A11, CDH1, LRFN5, EDNRB, THY1, NETO1,KCND2, TMPRSS11E, CD44, PDPN, SLC7A1, KAL1, KCNG3, GPM6B, FXYD5, PCDH18,ICAM3, MCTP1, TACR3, and TMEM155, wherein downregulation above apredetermined threshold of an expression level of the marker negativelyassociated with the definite endodermal cells as compared to theexpression level of the marker in a reference cell, wherein thereference cell is an undifferentiated human ESC, is indicative of apositive identification of a definite endodermal cell.

According to some embodiments of the invention, the method furthercomprising determining in the population of cells which comprisesdefinite endodermal cells at least one marker that is positivelyassociated with definite endodermal cells, the marker being selectedfrom the group consisting of: FSHR, COLEC12, ROR2, LIFR, LIFR, FLRT3,KEL, LGR5, FOLR1, CD177, CCKBR, APOA1, APOA1, FZD5, FN1, BMP2, ADAMTS9,DPP4, FGA, GPR128, IGFBP5, FZD4, ITGA5, STC1, TNFSF4, CD177, IHH, LRP2,LAMA1, GPC3, LGI1, FN1, LPHN3, FGB, KIT, DPP4, TRO, SPA17, ROBO2, DLK1,CST1, DKK1, HAS2, APOA2, CDH2, AFP, APOB, DGKK, HP, SYTL5, SLC7A7, TTR,FRZB, RSPO3, GCNT1, TRPA1, DIO3, TMEM27, APOC1, EPHA4, C4orf18, GLIPR2,PCDH10, F10, BMP5, FMO5, STMN2, SLC5A9, PORCN, EGFLAM, RAB17, CST2,PNPLA3, MOSPD1, ELMO1, CHST9, SLC30A10, TMC7, C8orf49, CDH12, ST8SIA4,SLCO2A1, MANEA, LRIG3, HCN1, ADAMTS12, FOLH1, TMEM144, VTN, CAMK2N1,ABCC4, PCDH7, OR2T4, UNC93A, COL4A6, PAMR1, SLC1A1, PROS1, APOM, APOM,APOM, LYPD6B, TMEM88, ITLN2, BMPER, GPR141, VEGFA, PRTG, DKK1, APOA2,AFP, APOB, FLRT3, KIAA1772, FBN2, FRZB, KLK6, FREM2, RSPO3, APOA1,APOA1, SEMA3D, KEL, BMP5, HEPH, STMN2, CACNB3, CHST9, TMC7, FAM171B,ATP5G1, FOLR1, ABCC2, EFNA5, CPT1C, MAGED1, RASA4, KDELR3, ST6GALNAC2,EDNRA, LRRC37B, ABCC4, CLCN5, MBOAT2, SLC44A5, NPC2, ELFN1, MMD, SLC5A3,IMPAD1, OSTC, DSC2, SLC31A1, SLC5A12, LRRN3, NPIPL3, GDPD1, NPIPL3,NPIPL3, LINGO2, LYPD6B, TRPA1, SLC40A1, SLC30A10, CCKBR, VIPR2, COLEC12,FLRT3, LGR5, GPR141, BST2, SLC5A9, GPR128, KEL, LRIG3, LYPD6B, FSHR,LIFR, FOLH1, CXCR4, ITGA5, AMOT, LY6E, SEMA6D, GJA5, PRTG, CD34,TMEM144, ROR2, GPR177, OR2T4, SLC7A7, KCNJ3, CLDN18, GPR151, SLC44A5,CDH10, TMEM27, SLC1A1, TMEM56, CD177, PLXNA2, SLC26A2, DSCAM, TMEM133,IL13RA1, ATP2B1, CD302, MEGF9, EDNRA, CDH2, GPR161, TYRO3, FLRT2, LRIT3,PCDH7, NRCAM, SMAGP, AMHR2, ELTD1, GRPR, EPHA4, CD99, GATA3, SEMA3E,HHEX, ZNF280A, FAM184A, WDR72, PDZK1, RLBP1L2, SHISA2, VIL1, STMN2,APOA2, SERHL, PPFIBP2, DKK1, MUM1L1, IGFBP5, ST6GALNAC2, TSPYL5, STC1,SYTL5, EPSTI1, ANKRD1, ARHGAP24, KRT18P49, PRSS2, RHOBTB3, FRZB, RARB,ADAMTS9, ARL4D, PRDM1, HP, FZD5, TRY6, ATP6V0D2, ANGPT2, DENND2C, BMP5,FOXA2, HAS2, BMP2, S100A16, FOLH1B, FAM122C, FZD4, C5, S100A14, VEGFA,CLIP4, GPAM, HNF1B, APOA1, CFLAR, RBM24, RNF152, TTR, TTN, EGFLAM, APOB,DIO3, IFLTD1, ABCC4, CCDC141, ENC1, NEK2, ELMO1, SPOCK3, SERPINI1,ACSL1, GATM, EHHADH, NUDT4, CST1, GLUD2, NPL, ZNF702P, TRY6, SPOCK1,AGL, TFF1, DGKK, SALL1, MANEA, KIT, KRT19, TNNC1, SEPP1, ST8SIA4, YPEL2,ANKMY2, DNAJC15, RNF128, PTPN13, F10, SAMD3, GCNT1, IPP, PROS1, SV2B,PLOD2, MAGEH1, CHST9, ZNF518B, TMEM106C, SERHL2, NTN4, SOX17, FRRS1,OTX2, RNASEL, ELMOD2, MYCT1, PAX6, MGST2, BBS5, MTSS1, VTN, WBP5, DUB4,CCDC92, BTG2, LPGAT1, FN1, TBX3, PLCE1, KRT19P2, IFI16, PORCN, PRSS1,MYL7, DUSP4, PROS1, ANKRD20B, CTSL2, FMO5, USP27X, LAMA1, ADAM28,ZNF611, ANKRD20B, ZNF137, S100Z, GPSM2, TGFB2, and ARHGAP28, whereinupregulation above a predetermined threshold of an expression level ofthe marker positively associated with definite endodermal cells ascompared to the expression level of the marker in a reference cell,wherein the reference cell is an undifferentiated hESC, is indicative ofa positive identification of a definite endodermal cell.

According to an aspect of some embodiments of the invention, there isprovided a method of identifying definite endodermal cells, comprisingdetermining in a population of cells which comprises definite endodermalcells at least one marker that is positively associated with definiteendodermal cells, the marker being selected from the group consistingof: FSHR, COLEC12, ROR2 ITGA5, LRP2, CD177, CCKBR, TRPA1, KEL, FOLR1,FOLH1, APOA1, APOA1, FZD5, FN1, BMP2, ADAMTS9, DPP4, FGA, GPR128,IGFBP5, LIFR, FZD4, PRTG, STC1, TNFSF4, CD177, IHH, LAMA1, GPC3, LGI1,FN1, LPHN3, FGB, KIT, DPP4, TRO, SPA17, ROBO2, DLK1, CST1, DKK1, HAS2,APOA2, CDH2, LGR5, AFP, FLRT3, APOB, DGKK, HP, SYTL5, SLC7A7, TTR, FRZB,RSPO3, GCNT1, DIO3, TMEM27, APOC1, EPHA4, C4orf18, GLIPR2, PCDH10, F10,BMP5, FMO5, STMN2, SLC5A9, PORCN, EGFLAM, RAB17, CST2, PNPLA3, MOSPD1,ELMO1, CHST9, SLC30A10, TMC7, C8orf49, CDH12, ST8SIA4, SLCO2A1, MANEA,LRIG3, HCN1, ADAMTS12, TMEM144, VTN, CAMK2N1, ABCC4, PCDH7, OR2T4,UNC93A, COL4A6, PAMR1, SLC1A1, PROS1, APOM, APOM, APOM, LYPD6B, TMEM88,ITLN2, BMPER, GPR141, VEGFA, DKK1, APOA2, AFP, APOB, FLRT3, KIAA1772,FBN2, FRZB, KLK6, FREM2, RSPO3, APOA1, APOA1, SEMA3D, KEL, BMP5, HEPH,STMN2, CACNB3, CHST9, TMC7, FAM171B, ATP5G1, FOLR1, ABCC2, EFNA5, CPT1C,MAGED1, RASA4, KDELR3, ST6GALNAC2, EDNRA, LRRC37B, ABCC4, CLCN5, MBOAT2,SLC44A5, NPC2, ELFN1, MMD, SLC5A3, IMPAD1, OSTC, DSC2, SLC31A1, SLC5A12,LRRN3, NPIPL3, GDPD1, NPIPL3, NPIPL3, LINGO2, LYPD6B, TRPA1, SLC40A1,SLC30A10, CCKBR, VIPR2, COLEC12, FLRT3, LGR5, GPR141, BST2, SLC5A9,GPR128, KEL, LRIG3, LYPD6B, FSHR, LIFR, FOLH1, CXCR4, ITGA5, AMOT, LY6E,SEMA6D, GJA5, PRTG, CD34, TMEM144, ROR2, GPR177, OR2T4, SLC7A7, KCNJ3,CLDN18, GPR151, SLC44A5, CDH10, TMEM27, SLC1A1, TMEM56, CD177, PLXNA2,SLC26A2, DSCAM, TMEM133, IL13RA1, ATP2B1, CD302, MEGF9, EDNRA, CDH2,GPR161, TYRO3, FLRT2, LRIT3, PCDH7, NRCAM, SMAGP, AMHR2, ELTD1, GRPR,EPHA4, and CD99, wherein upregulation above a predetermined threshold ofan expression level of the marker positively associated with thedefinite endodermal cells as compared to the expression level of themarker in a reference cell, wherein the reference cell is anundifferentiated hESCs, is indicative of a positive identification of adefinite endodermal cell.

According to some embodiments of the invention, the method furthercomprising determining in the population of cells which comprisesdefinite endodermal cells at least one marker that is positivelyassociated with definite endodermal cells, the marker being selectedfrom the group consisting of: GATA3, SEMA3E, HHEX, ZNF280A, FAM184A,WDR72, PDZK1, RLBP1L2, SHISA2, VIL1, STMN2, APOA2, SERHL, PPFIBP2, DKK1,MUM1L1, IGFBP5, ST6GALNAC2, TSPYL5, STC1, SYTL5, EPSTI1, ANKRD1,ARHGAP24, KRT18P49, PRSS2, RHOBTB3, FRZB, RARB, ADAMTS9, ARL4D, PRDM1,HP, FZD5, TRY6, ATP6V0D2, ANGPT2, DENND2C, BMP5, FOXA2, HAS2, BMP2,S100A16, FOLH1B, FAM122C, FZD4, C5, S100A14, VEGFA, CLIP4, GPAM, HNF1B,APOA1, CFLAR, RBM24, RNF152, TTR, TTN, EGFLAM, APOB, DIO3, IFLTD1,ABCC4, CCDC141, ENC1, NEK2, ELMO1, SPOCK3, SERPINI1, ACSL1, GATM,EHHADH, NUDT4, CST1, GLUD2, NPL, ZNF702P, TRY6, SPOCK1, AGL, TFF1, DGKK,SALL1, MANEA, KIT, KRT19, TNNC1, SEPP1, ST8SIA4, YPEL2, ANKMY2, DNAJC15,RNF128, PTPN13, F10, SAMD3, GCNT1, IPP, PROS1, SV2B, PLOD2, MAGEH1,CHST9, ZNF518B, TMEM106C, SERHL2, NTN4, SOX17, FRRS1, OTX2, RNASEL,ELMOD2, MYCT1, PAX6, MGST2, BBS5, MTSS1, VTN, WBP5, DUB4, CCDC92, BTG2,LPGAT1, FN1, TBX3, PLCE1, KRT19P2, IFI16, PORCN, PRSS1, MYL7, DUSP4,PROS1, ANKRD20B, CTSL2, FMO5, USP27X, LAMA1, ADAM28, ZNF611, ANKRD20B,ZNF137, S100Z, GPSM2, TGFB2, and ARHGAP28, wherein upregulation above apredetermined threshold of an expression level of the marker positivelyassociated with the definite endodermal cells as compared to theexpression level of the marker in a reference cell, wherein thereference cell is an undifferentiated hESC, is indicative of a positiveidentification of a definite endodermal cell.

According to some embodiments of the invention, the at least one markerpositively associated with definite endodermal cells is selected fromthe group consisting of: FSHR, COLEC12, ROR2 ITGA5, LRP2, CD177, CCKBR,TRPA1, KEL, FOLR1, FOLH1, APOA1, APOA1, FZD5, FN1, BMP2, ADAMTS9, DPP4,FGA, GPR128, IGFBP5, LIFR, FZD4, PRTG, STC1, TNFSF4, CD177, IHH, LAMA1,GPC3, LGI1, FN1, LPHN3, FGB, KIT, DPP4, TRO, SPA17, ROBO2, DLK1, CST1,DKK1, HAS2, APOA2, CDH2, LGR5, AFP, FLRT3, APOB, DGKK, HP, SYTL5,SLC7A7, TTR, FRZB, RSPO3, GCNT1, DIO3, TMEM27, APOC1, EPHA4, C4orf18,GLIPR2, PCDH10, F10, BMP5, FMO5, STMN2, SLC5A9, PORCN, EGFLAM, RAB17,CST2, PNPLA3, MOSPD1, ELMO1, CHST9, SLC30A10, TMC7, C8orf49, CDH12,ST8SIA4, SLCO2A1, MANEA, LRIG3, HCN1, ADAMTS12, TMEM144, VTN, CAMK2N1,ABCC4, PCDH7, OR2T4, UNC93A, COL4A6, PAMR1, SLC1A1, PROS1, APOM, APOM,APOM, LYPD6B, TMEM88, ITLN2, BMPER, GPR141, VEGFA, DKK1, APOA2, AFP,APOB, FLRT3, KIAA1772, FBN2, FRZB, KLK6, FREM2, RSPO3, APOA1, APOA1,SEMA3D, KEL, BMP5, HEPH, STMN2, CACNB3, CHST9, TMC7, FAM171B, ATP5G1,FOLR1, ABCC2, EFNA5, CPT1C, MAGED1, RASA4, KDELR3, ST6GALNAC2, EDNRA,LRRC37B, ABCC4, CLCN5, MBOAT2, SLC44A5, NPC2, ELFN1, MMD, SLC5A3,IMPAD1, OSTC, DSC2, SLC31A1, SLC5A12, LRRN3, NPIPL3, GDPD1, NPIPL3,NPIPL3, LINGO2, and LYPD6B.

According to some embodiments of the invention, the at least one markerpositively associated with definite endodermal cells is selected fromthe group consisting of: FSHR, COLEC12, ROR2 ITGA5, LRP2, CD177, CCKBR,TRPA1, KEL, FOLR1, FOLH1, APOA1, APOA1, FZD5, FN1, BMP2, ADAMTS9, DPP4,FGA, GPR128, IGFBP5, LIFR, FZD4, PRTG, STC1, TNFSF4, CD177, IHH, LAMA1,GPC3, LGI1, FN1, LPHN3, FGB, KIT, DPP4, TRO, SPA17, ROBO2, and DLK1.

According to some embodiments of the invention, the at least one markerpositively associated with definite endodermal cells is selected fromthe group consisting of: CD177, CCKBR, APOA1, APOA1, FSHR, FZD5, FN1,BMP2, ADAMTS9, DPP4, FGA, COLEC12, ROR2, GPR128, IGFBP5, LIFR, FZD4,ITGA5, STC1, TNFSF4, CD177 and IHH.

According to an aspect of some embodiments of the invention, there isprovided a method of identifying definite endodermal cells. The methodis effected by determining in a population of cells which comprisesdefinite endodermal cells at least one marker that is positivelyassociated with definite endodermal cells, the marker being selectedfrom the group consisting of: TRPA1, SLC40A1, SLC30A10, CCKBR, VIPR2,COLEC12, FLRT3, LGR5, GPR141, BST2, SLC5A9, GPR128, KEL, LRIG3, LYPD6B,FSHR, LIFR, FOLH1, CXCR4, ITGA5, AMOT, LY6E, SEMA6D, GJA5, PRTG, CD34,TMEM144, ROR2, GPR177, OR2T4, SLC7A7, KCNJ3, CLDN18, GPR151, SLC44A5,CDH10, TMEM27, SLC1A1, TMEM56, CD177, PLXNA2, SLC26A2, DSCAM, TMEM133,IL13RA1, ATP2B1, CD302, MEGF9, EDNRA, CDH2, GPR161, TYRO3, FLRT2, LRIT3,PCDH7, NRCAM, SMAGP, AMHR2, ELTD1, GRPR, EPHA4, and CD99, whereinupregulation above a predetermined threshold of an expression level ofthe marker positively associated with the definite endodermal cells ascompared to the expression level of the marker in a reference cell,wherein the reference cell is an undifferentiated hESC, is indicative ofa positive identification of a definite endodermal cell.

According to some embodiments of the invention, the method furthercomprising determining in the population of cells which comprisesdefinite endodermal cells at least one marker that is positivelyassociated with definite endodermal cells, the marker being selectedfrom the group consisting of: GATA3, SEMA3E, HHEX, ZNF280A, FAM184A,WDR72, PDZK1, RLBP1L2, SHISA2, VIL1, STMN2, APOA2, SERHL, PPFIBP2, DKK1,MUM1L1, IGFBP5, ST6GALNAC2, TSPYL5, STC1, SYTL5, EPSTI1, ANKRD1,ARHGAP24, KRT18P49, PRSS2, RHOBTB3, FRZB, RARB, ADAMTS9, ARL4D, PRDM1,HP, FZD5, TRY6, ATP6V0D2, ANGPT2, DENND2C, BMP5, FOXA2, HAS2, BMP2,S100A16, FOLH1B, FAM122C, FZD4, C5, S100A14, VEGFA, CLIP4, GPAM, HNF1B,APOA1, CFLAR, RBM24, RNF152, TTR, TTN, EGFLAM, APOB, DIO3, IFLTD1,ABCC4, CCDC141, ENC1, NEK2, ELMO1, SPOCK3, SERPINI1, ACSL1, GATM,EHHADH, NUDT4, CST1, GLUD2, NPL, ZNF702P, TRY6, SPOCK1, AGL, TFF1, DGKK,SALL1, MANEA, KIT, KRT19, TNNC1, SEPP1, ST8 SIA4, YPEL2, ANKMY2,DNAJC15, RNF128, PTPN13, F10, SAMD3, GCNT1, IPP, PROS1, SV2B, PLOD2,MAGEH1, CHST9, ZNF518B, TMEM106C, SERHL2, NTN4, SOX17, FRRS1, OTX2,RNASEL, ELMOD2, MYCT1, PAX6, MGST2, BBS5, MTSS1, VTN, WBP5, DUB4,CCDC92, BTG2, LPGAT1, FN1, TBX3, PLCE1, KRT19P2, IFI16, PORCN, PRSS1,MYL7, DUSP4, PROS1, ANKRD20B, CTSL2, FMO5, USP27X, LAMA1, ADAM28,ZNF611, ANKRD20B, ZNF137, S100Z, GPSM2, TGFB2, and ARHGAP28, whereinupregulation above a predetermined threshold of an expression level ofthe marker positively associated with the definite endodermal cells ascompared to the expression level of the marker in a reference cell,wherein the reference cell is an undifferentiated hESC, is indicative ofa positive identification of a definite endodermal cell.

According to some embodiments of the invention, the method furthercomprising determining in the population of cells which comprisesdefinite endodermal cells at least one marker that is negativelyassociated with definite endodermal cells, the marker being selectedfrom the group consisting of: KDR, PCDHB5, FAT4, FLT1, NRN1, THBS2,PTPRZ1, SLC6A15, GPR176, SEMA6A, THBS1, CDH11, GRID2, SLC7A11, CDH1,LRFN5, EDNRB, THY1, NETO1, KCND2, TMPRSS11E, CD44, PDPN, SLC7A1, KAL1,KCNG3, GPM6B, FXYD5, PCDH18, ICAM3, MCTP1, TACR3, TMEM155, ZFP42,THUMPD3, ANXA1, SPP1, PRDM14, GNA14, EDIL3, CXCL12, PSMD5, PRRX1, NANOG,TRIM22, NANOG, RASGRF2, POU5F1B, POLR3G, HHLA1, POU5F1, VSNL1, SCG3,B3GALT1, LECT1, NTS, MBNL1, CKMT1A, NECAB1, FGF2, SFRP2, DCLK1, DACT1,CRABP1, TFAP2C, SCGB3A2, LRAT, CUZD1, GLB1L3, METTL7A, VAT1L, COL12A1,OLFML3, SOX2, USP44, HIST1H4F, KGFLP1, CPT1A, DBC1, CHAC1, CAV1, MT1G,NFIX, FERMT1, GLIPR1, TOX, SNRPN (SNORD116-6), HEY2, T1MP4, IDO1, MT2A,NR5A2, UPRT, MYC, CCDC109B, GAL, ZNF483, RND3, BNC2, COL3A1, LUM, LDB2,MT1E, SNRPN (SNORD116-23), SNRPN (SNORD116-27), GALNT3, PIPDX, PDK1,PREX2, CYP2S1, NRK, VAV3, TNFAIP6, ENPP1, ADD2, SNRPN (SNORD116-24),SNRPN (SNORD109A), STC2, SNORA22, MPPED2, ZNF562, GAP43, FOXB1, TSHZ3,HPGD, ZDHHC22, ACOXL, GLI3, CDCA7L, ZSCAN10, GFPT2, PLP2, HIST1H1A,CAMKV, HERC5, MT1X, TERF1, RAB31, SNRPN (SNORD116-13), ETV1, MT1G,ACTA1, SNRPN (SNORD116-20), NFIB, ZEB2, CBR1, ATXN7L1, SNRPN(SNORD116-1), MT1F, SNRPN (SNORD116-29), AP1M2, ACTG2, CYP2B6, SERPINE1,GRHL2, SLIT2, PIM2, SMARCA2, and RPPH1, wherein downregulation above apredetermined threshold of an expression level of the marker negativelyassociated with definite endodermal cells as compared to the expressionlevel of the marker in a reference cell, wherein the reference cell isan undifferentiated hESC, is indicative of a positive identification ofa definite endodermal cell.

According to an aspect of some embodiments of the invention, there isprovided a method of isolating definite endodermal cells. The method iseffected by (a) identifying the definite endodermal cells according tothe method of some embodiments of the invention, (b) isolating thedefinite endodermal cells identified according to step (a) to therebyobtain an isolated population of the definite endodermal cells, therebyisolating the definite endodermal cells.

According to an aspect of some embodiments of the invention, there isprovided an isolated population of definite endodermal cells obtainedaccording to the method of some embodiments of the invention.

According to some embodiments of the invention, the isolated cellpopulation of definite endodermal cells is characterized by aSOX17+/SOX7+ expression pattern.

According to an aspect of some embodiments of the invention, there isprovided an isolated population of definite endodermal cells, comprisingat least about 20%, at least about 25%, at least about 30%, at leastabout 35%, at least about 40%, at least about 45%, at least about 50%(e.g., 50%), at least about 55% (e.g., 55%), at least about 60% (e.g.,60%), at least about 65% (e.g., 65%), at least about 70% (e.g., 70%), atleast about 75% (e.g., 75%), at least about 80% (e.g., 80%), at leastabout 85% (e.g., 85%), at least about 90% (e.g., 90%), at least about95% (e.g., 95%), at least about 96% (e.g., 96%), at least about 97%(e.g., 97%), at least about 98% (e.g., 98%), at least about 99% (e.g.,99%), e.g., 100% cells having a SOX17+/SOX7+ expression pattern.

According to an aspect of some embodiments of the invention, there isprovided a method qualifying a definite endodermal cell population. Themethod is effected by determining in a sample of the cell population apercentage of the definite endodermal cells which are identifiedaccording to the method of some embodiments of the invention out of thetotal cells in the sample, thereby qualifying the definite endodermalcell population.

According to some embodiments of the invention, the pancreaticprogenitor cells or the definite endodermal cells are obtained bydifferentiating stem cells into pancreatic progenitor cells.

According to some embodiments of the invention, the stem cells areundifferentiated pluripotent stem cells.

As used herein the phrase “pluripotent stem cells” refers to cells whichare capable of differentiating into cells of all three embryonic germlayers (i.e., endoderm, ectoderm and mesoderm). The phrase “pluripotentstem cells” may read on embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and/or inducedpluripotent stem cells (iPS cells).

The ESCs which are used to generate the pancreatic progenitor cells orthe definite endodermal cells can be obtained from the embryonic tissueformed after gestation (e.g., blastocyst) before implantation (i.e., apre-implantation blastocyst); extended blastocyst cells (EBCs) which areobtained from a post-implantation/pre-gastrulation stage blastocyst (seeWO2006/040763]; and/or embryonic germ (EG) cells which are obtained fromthe genital tissue of a fetus any time during gestation, preferablybefore 10 weeks of gestation.

Extended blastocyst cells (EBCs) can be obtained from a blastocyst of atleast nine days post fertilization at a stage prior to gastrulation.Prior to culturing the blastocyst, the zona pellucida is digested [forexample by Tyrode's acidic solution (Sigma Aldrich, St Louis, Mo., USA)]so as to expose the inner cell mass. The blastocysts are then culturedas whole embryos for at least nine and no more than fourteen days postfertilization (i.e., prior to the gastrulation event) in vitro usingstandard embryonic stem cell culturing methods.

Embryonic germ (EG) cells are prepared from the primordial germ cellsobtained from fetuses of about 8-11 weeks of gestation (in the case of ahuman fetus) using laboratory techniques known to anyone skilled in thearts. The genital ridges are dissociated and cut into small chunks whichare thereafter disaggregated into cells by mechanical dissociation. TheEG cells are then grown in tissue culture flasks with the appropriatemedium. The cells are cultured with daily replacement of medium until acell morphology consistent with EG cells is observed, typically after7-30 days or 1-4 passages. For additional details on methods ofpreparation human EG cells see Shamblott et al., [Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.USA 95: 13726, 1998] and U.S. Pat. No. 6,090,622.

The phrase “induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cell” (or embryonic-like stemcell) as used herein refers to a proliferative and pluripotent stem cellwhich is obtained by de-differentiation of a somatic cell (e.g., anadult somatic cell).

According to some embodiments of the invention, the iPS cell ischaracterized by a proliferative capacity which is similar to that ofESCs and thus can be maintained and expanded in culture for an almostunlimited time.

IPS cells can be endowed with pluripotency by genetic manipulation whichre-program the cell to acquire embryonic stem cells characteristics. Forexample, the iPS cells of the invention can be generated from somaticcells by induction of expression of Oct-4, Sox2, Kfl4 and c-Myc in asomatic cell essentially as described in Takahashi and Yamanaka, 2006,Takahashi et al, 2007, Meissner et al, 2007, and Okita K., et al, 2007,Nature 448: 313-318). Additionally or alternatively, the iPS cells ofthe invention can be generated from somatic cells by induction ofexpression of Oct4, Sox2, Nanog and Lin28 essentially as described in Yuet al, 2007, and Nakagawa et al, 2008. It should be noted that thegenetic manipulation (re-programming) of the somatic cells can beperformed using any known method such as using plasmids or viralvectors, or by derivation without any integration to the genome [Yu J,et al., Science. 2009, 324: 797-801].

The iPS cells of the invention can be obtained by inducingde-differentiation of embryonic fibroblasts [Takahashi and Yamanaka,2006; Meissner et al, 2007], fibroblasts formed from hESCs [Park et al,2008], Fetal fibroblasts [Yu et al, 2007; Park et al, 2008], foreskinfibroblast [Yu et al, 2007; Park et al, 2008], adult dermal and skintissues [Hanna et al, 2007; Lowry et al, 2008], b-lymphocytes [Hanna etal 2007] adult liver and stomach cells [Aoi et al, 2008] and beta-cellsderived iPSCs (Bar-Nur O., et al., 2011m Cell Stem Cell 9: 1-7).

IPS cell lines are also available via cell banks such as the WiCellbank. Non-limiting examples of commercially available iPS cell linesinclude the iPS foreskin clone 1 [WiCell Catalogue No.iPS(foreskin)-1-DL-1], the iPSIMR90 clone 1 [WiCell Catalogue No.iPS(IMR90)-1-DL-1], and the iPSIMR90 clone 4 [WiCell Catalogue No.iPS(IMR90)-4-DL-1].

According to some embodiments of the invention, the induced pluripotentstem cells are human induced pluripotent stem cells.

According to some embodiments of the invention, the stem cells are adultstem cells.

The phrase “adult stem cells” (also called “tissue stem cells” or a stemcell from a somatic tissue) refers to any stem cell derived from asomatic tissue [of either a postnatal or prenatal animal (especially thehuman)]. The adult stem cell is generally thought to be a multipotentstem cell, capable of differentiation into multiple cell types. Adultstem cells can be derived from any adult, neonatal or fetal tissue suchas adipose tissue, skin, kidney, liver, prostate, pancreas, intestine,bone marrow and placenta. Non-limiting examples include mesenchymal stemcells (MSCs), cord blood stem cells, fetal stem cells and the like.

Hematopoietic stem cells, which may also referred to as adult tissuestem cells, include stem cells obtained from blood or bone marrow tissueof an individual at any age or from cord blood of a newborn individual.Preferred stem cells according to this aspect of some embodiments of theinvention are embryonic stem cells, preferably of a human or primate(e.g., monkey) origin.

Placental and cord blood stem cells may also be referred to as “youngstem cells”.

According to some embodiments of the invention, the cells are humancells.

According to some embodiments of the invention, differentiating theundifferentiated pluripotent stem cells into the pancreatic progenitorcells is performed by: (a) differentiating the pluripotent stem cellsinto definite endodermal cells to thereby obtain a population of cellswhich comprises definite endodermal cells, and (b) differentiating thepopulation of cells which comprises the definite endodermal cells intothe pancreatic progenitor cells, thereby inducing the differentiation ofthe pluripotent stem cells into the pancreatic progenitor cells.

According to some embodiments of the invention, differentiating theundifferentiated pluripotent stem cells into the definite endodermalcells is performed by culturing the pluripotent stem cells in thepresence of activin A, Wnt3A, a small molecule Induce DefinitiveEndoderm 1 (IDE1) and/or a small molecule Induce Definitive Endoderm 2(IDE2) as described in the Examples section which follows and in JiangJ., et al., 2007 (Generation of insulin-producing islet-like clustersfrom human embryonic stem cells. Stem Cells 25:1940-1953) and/or inD'Amour et al., 2006 (Nat Biotechnol 24:1392-1401), each of which isfully incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

Differentiation of the definite endodermal cells into the pancreaticprogenitor cells can be performed by culturing the definite endodermalcells in the presence of bFGF, KGF, FGF10, noggin, cyclopamine, KAADcyclopamine, B27, Indolactam V, nicotinamide and/or epidermal growthfactor.

According to some embodiments of the invention, differentiating thedefinite endodermal cells into the pancreatic progenitor cells isperformed by culturing the definite endodermal cells in the presence ofbFGF, noggin and epidermal growth factor (additional description isprovided in Jiang J, Stem Cells. 2007; 25(8):1940-53, which is fullyincorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

According to some embodiments of the invention, differentiating theundifferentiated pluripotent stem cells into the pancreatic progenitorcells is performed by differentiation of the pluripotent stem cells intoembryoid bodies.

As used herein the phrase “embryoid bodies” (EBs) refers to threedimensional multicellular aggregates of differentiated andundifferentiated cells derivatives of three embryonic germ layers.

Embryoid bodies are formed upon the removal of embryonic stem cells(ESCs) or induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from feeder layers orfeeder cells-free culture systems. ESCs and/or iPSCs removal can beeffected using type IV Collagenase treatment for a limited time.Following dissociation from the culturing surface, the cells aretransferred to tissue culture plates containing a culture mediumsupplemented with serum and amino acids.

During the culturing period, EBs are further monitored for theirdifferentiation state. Cell differentiation can be determined uponexamination of cell or tissue-specific markers which are known to beindicative of differentiation. For example, EB-derived-differentiatedcells may express the neurofilament 68 KD which is a characteristicmarker of the ectoderm cell lineage.

The differentiation level of the EB cells can be monitored by followingthe loss of expression of Oct-4, and the increased expression level ofother markers such as α-fetoprotein, NF-68 kDa, α-cardiac and albumin.Methods useful for monitoring the expression level of specific genes arewell known in the art and include RT-PCR, semi-quantitative RT-PCR,Northern blot, RNA in situ hybridization, Western blot analysis andimmunohistochemistry.

Embryoid bodies can be generated from various primates and mammals suchas human, monkeys and rodents (e.g., mouse, rat).

According to some embodiments of the invention, the embryoid bodies areobtained from human embryoid bodies.

According to some embodiments of the invention, the embryoid bodies areobtained by spontaneous differentiation of pluripotent stem cells.

According to some embodiments of the invention, for differentiation intopancreatic progenitor cells, the embryoid bodies are differentiateduntil about day 7-21 of human EBs differentiation.

According to some embodiments of the invention, for differentiation intodefinite endodermal cells, the embryoid bodies are differentiated untilabout day 3-7 of human EBs differentiation.

According to an aspect of some embodiments of the invention there isprovided a nucleic acid construct comprising a first polynucleotideencoding a reporter protein and a second polynucleotide which comprisesa human endogenous SOX17 regulatory sequence, wherein the firstpolynucleotide being under transcriptional regulation of the SOX17regulatory sequence, wherein the SOX17 regulatory sequence comprises anupstream sequence and a downstream sequence.

According to some embodiments of the invention, expression of thereporter protein is under the transcriptional regulation of the SOX17regulatory sequences.

As used herein the phrase “reporter protein” refers to any polypeptidewhich can be detected in a cell. According to some embodiments of theinvention, the reporter polypeptide can be directly detected in the cell(no need for a detectable moiety with an affinity to the reporter) byexerting a detectable signal which can be viewed in living cells (e.g.,using a fluorescent microscope). Non-limiting examples of a nucleic acidsequence encoding a reporter polypeptide according to this aspect of thepresent invention include the red fluorescent protein (RFP), the greenfluorescent protein (GFP) (e.g., SEQ ID NO:2) or mCherry (e.g., SEQ IDNO:33).

Alternatively, the reporter polypeptide can be indirectly detected suchas when the reporter polypeptide is an epitope tag. Indirect detectioncan be effected by introducing a detectable moiety (labeled antibody)having an affinity to the reporter or when the reporter is an enzyme byintroducing a labeled substrate. For example, the reporter polypeptidecan be an antigen which is recognized by and binds to a specificantibody. Preferably, when such a reporter polypeptide is utilized theantibody or the polypeptide capable of binding the reporter protein islabeled (e.g., by covalently attaching to a label such as a fluorescentdye).

Non-limiting examples of suitable SOX17 upstream regulatory sequenceswhich can be used in the nucleic acid construct of some embodiments ofthe invention include the sequences comprising SEQ ID NO: 7, 36, and 38.

Non-limiting examples of suitable SOX17 downstream regulatory sequenceswhich can be used in the nucleic acid construct of some embodiments ofthe invention include the sequences comprising SEQ ID NO: 8, 37 and 39.

According to an aspect of some embodiments of the invention there isprovided a nucleic acid construct comprising a first polynucleotideencoding a reporter protein and a second polynucleotide which comprisesa human endogenous SOX17 regulatory sequence, wherein the firstpolynucleotide being under transcriptional regulation of the SOX17regulatory sequence, wherein the SOX17 regulatory sequence comprises anupstream sequence and a downstream sequence, wherein the upstreamsequence comprises the nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:38;and wherein the downstream sequence comprises the nucleotide sequenceset forth in SEQ ID NO:39.

According to an aspect of some embodiments of the present inventionthere is provided a nucleic acid construct comprising a firstpolynucleotide encoding a reporter protein and a second polynucleotidewhich comprises a human endogenous PDX1 regulatory sequence, wherein thefirst polynucleotide being under transcriptional regulation of the PDX1regulatory sequence, wherein the PDX1 regulatory sequence comprises anupstream sequence and a downstream sequence.

Non-limiting examples of suitable PDX1 upstream regulatory sequenceswhich can be used in the nucleic acid construct of some embodiments ofthe invention include the sequences comprising SEQ ID NO: 16, 19, 23,and 31.

Non-limiting examples of suitable PDX1 downstream regulatory sequenceswhich can be used in the nucleic acid construct of some embodiments ofthe invention include the sequences comprising SEQ ID NO: 17, 20, 24,and 32.

According to an aspect of some embodiments of the present inventionthere is provided a nucleic acid construct comprising a firstpolynucleotide encoding a reporter protein and a second polynucleotidewhich comprises a human endogenous PDX1 regulatory sequence, wherein thefirst polynucleotide being under transcriptional regulation of the PDX1regulatory sequence, wherein the PDX1 regulatory sequence comprises anupstream sequence and a downstream sequence, wherein the upstreamsequence comprises the nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:16(corresponds to nucleotides 1 to 8640 of AL353195.14); and wherein thedownstream sequence comprises the nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQID NO:17 (corresponds to nucleotides 13321 to 32526 of AL353195.14 (SEQID NO:34)). According to some embodiments of the invention, the nucleicacid construct is a bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC).

Non-limiting examples of suitable BACs which comprise the SOX17 genomicsequence include the RP11-53M11 BAC (SEQ ID NO:35; GenBank Accession No.AC091076.7), and the RP11-47H10 BAC (SEQ ID NO:40).

A non-limiting example of a suitable BACs which comprise the PDX1genomic sequence include the RP11-322P28 (SEQ ID NO:34; GenBankAccession No. AL353195.14).

According to an aspect of some embodiments of the invention there isprovided a cell comprising the nucleic acid construct of someembodiments of the invention. According to some embodiments of theinvention, the cell is a stem cell.

According to some embodiments of the invention, the stem cell is anembryonic stem cell or an induced pluripotent stem cell.

According to some embodiments of the invention, the cell is a humancell.

According to an aspect of some embodiments of the invention there isprovided a method of screening for markers which differentiate adefinite endodermal cell from an undifferentiated pluripotent stem cell,comprising comparing the expression level of markers between theundifferentiated pluripotent stem cell and the cell of some embodimentsof the invention (e.g., the cell which comprises the reporter proteinunder the transcriptional regulation of the SOX17 upstream anddownstream regulatory sequence), wherein upregulation or downregulationin the expression level above a predetermined threshold indicates thatthe markers differentiate the definite endodermal cell from theundifferentiated pluripotent stem cell, thereby screening for markerswhich differentiate the definite endodermal cell from theundifferentiated pluripotent stem cell.

According to an aspect of some embodiments of the invention there isprovided a method of screening for compounds capable of inducingdifferentiation of undifferentiated pluripotent stem cells to definiteendodermal cells, comprising: (a) contacting undifferentiatedpluripotent stem cells which comprise the nucleic acid construct of someembodiments of the invention (e.g., the construct which comprises thereporter protein under the transcriptional regulation of the SOX17upstream and downstream regulatory sequence) with at least one compoundof a plurality of candidate compounds, and; (b) monitoring an expressionlevel of the reporter protein in the cells following the contacting,wherein an increase above a predetermined level in the expression levelof the reporter protein following the contacting as compared to theexpression level prior to the contacting is indicative that the at leastone compound is capable of inducing differentiation of theundifferentiated pluripotent stem cells to the definite endodermalcells, thereby screening for the compounds capable of inducingdifferentiation of undifferentiated pluripotent stem cells to definiteendodermal cells.

According to some embodiments of the invention, the method furthercomprising synthesizing the compound capable of inducing differentiationof the undifferentiated pluripotent stem cells to the definiteendodermal cells.

According to an aspect of some embodiments of the invention there isprovided a method of screening for markers which differentiate apancreatic progenitor cell from a definite endodermal cell, comprisingcomparing the expression level of markers between the cell whichcomprises the reporter protein under the transcriptional regulation ofthe SOX17 upstream and downstream regulatory sequence of someembodiments of the invention and the cell which comprises the reporterprotein under the transcriptional regulation of the PDX1 upstream anddownstream regulatory sequence of some embodiments of the invention,wherein upregulation or downregulation in the expression level above apredetermined threshold indicates that the markers differentiate thepancreatic progenitor cell from the definite endodermal cell, therebyscreening for markers which differentiate the pancreatic progenitor cellfrom the definite endodermal cell.

According to an aspect of some embodiments of the invention there isprovided a method of screening for compounds capable of inducingdifferentiation of definite endodermal cells or undifferentiatedpluripotent stem cells to pancreatic progenitor cells, comprising: (a)contacting definite endodermal cells or undifferentiated pluripotentstem cells which comprise the nucleic acid construct of some embodimentsof the invention (which comprises the reporter protein under thetranscriptional regulation of the PDX1 upstream and downstreamregulatory sequences) with at least one compound of a plurality ofcandidate compounds, and; (b) monitoring an expression level of thereporter protein in the cells following the contacting, wherein anincrease above a predetermined level in the expression level of thereporter protein following the contacting as compared to the expressionlevel prior to the contacting is indicative that the at least onecompound is capable of inducing differentiation of the definiteendodermal cells or undifferentiated pluripotent stem cells to thepancreatic progenitor cells, thereby screening for the compounds capableof inducing differentiation of definite endodermal cells orundifferentiated pluripotent stem cells to the pancreatic progenitorcells.

According to some embodiments of the invention the method furthercomprising synthesizing the compound capable of inducing differentiationof the definite endodermal cells or undifferentiated pluripotent stemcells to the pancreatic progenitor cells.

The agents of some embodiments of the invention which are describedhereinabove for screening for markers which differentiate a definiteendodermal cell from an undifferentiated pluripotent stem cell, forscreening for compounds capable of inducing differentiation ofundifferentiated pluripotent stem cells to definite endodermal cells,for screening for markers which differentiate a pancreatic progenitorcell from a definite endodermal cell, and/or for screening for compoundscapable of inducing differentiation of definite endodermal cells orundifferentiated pluripotent stem cells to pancreatic progenitor cellsmay be included in a diagnostic kit/article of manufacture preferablyalong with appropriate instructions for use and labels indicating FDAapproval for the above described use.

Such a kit can include, for example, at least one container including atleast one of the above described agents (e.g., the nucleic acidconstructs, the cells comprising same) and an imaging reagent packed inanother container (e.g., enzymes, antibodies, buffers, chromogenicsubstrates, fluorogenic material). The kit may also include appropriatebuffers and preservatives for improving the shelf-life of the kit.

According to an aspect of some embodiments of the invention there isprovided a kit for screening for markers which differentiate a definiteendodermal cell from a pluripotent stem cell, comprising the cell ofsome embodiments of the invention.

According to some embodiments of the invention the kit furthercomprising a pluripotent stem cell.

According to an aspect of some embodiments of the invention there isprovided a kit for screening for markers which differentiate apancreatic progenitor cell from a definite endodermal cell, comprisingthe cell of some embodiments of the invention and the cell of someembodiments of the invention.

According to some embodiments of the invention the kit furthercomprising at least one agent suitable for detecting an expression levelof a marker of interest.

According to some embodiments of the invention the expression level isdetected by an RNA detection method.

According to some embodiments of the invention the expression level isdetected by a protein detection method.

According to some embodiments of the invention the kit furthercomprising a genetic micro array chip.

As used herein the term “about” refers to ±10%.

The terms “comprises”, “comprising”, “includes”, “including”, “having”and their conjugates mean “including but not limited to”.

The term “consisting of” means “including and limited to”.

The term “consisting essentially of” means that the composition, methodor structure may include additional ingredients, steps and/or parts, butonly if the additional ingredients, steps and/or parts do not materiallyalter the basic and novel characteristics of the claimed composition,method or structure.As used herein, the singular form “a”, “an” and “the” include pluralreferences unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. For example,the term “a compound” or “at least one compound” may include a pluralityof compounds, including mixtures thereof.

Throughout this application, various embodiments of this invention maybe presented in a range format. It should be understood that thedescription in range format is merely for convenience and brevity andshould not be construed as an inflexible limitation on the scope of theinvention. Accordingly, the description of a range should be consideredto have specifically disclosed all the possible subranges as well asindividual numerical values within that range. For example, descriptionof a range such as from 1 to 6 should be considered to have specificallydisclosed subranges such as from 1 to 3, from 1 to 4, from 1 to 5, from2 to 4, from 2 to 6, from 3 to 6 etc., as well as individual numberswithin that range, for example, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6. This appliesregardless of the breadth of the range.

Whenever a numerical range is indicated herein, it is meant to includeany cited numeral (fractional or integral) within the indicated range.The phrases “ranging/ranges between” a first indicate number and asecond indicate number and “ranging/ranges from” a first indicate number“to” a second indicate number are used herein interchangeably and aremeant to include the first and second indicated numbers and all thefractional and integral numerals therebetween.

As used herein the term “method” refers to manners, means, techniquesand procedures for accomplishing a given task including, but not limitedto, those manners, means, techniques and procedures either known to, orreadily developed from known manners, means, techniques and proceduresby practitioners of the chemical, pharmacological, biological,biochemical and medical arts.

As used herein, the term “treating” includes abrogating, substantiallyinhibiting, slowing or reversing the progression of a condition,substantially ameliorating clinical or aesthetical symptoms of acondition or substantially preventing the appearance of clinical oraesthetical symptoms of a condition.

It is appreciated that certain features of the invention, which are, forclarity, described in the context of separate embodiments, may also beprovided in combination in a single embodiment. Conversely, variousfeatures of the invention, which are, for brevity, described in thecontext of a single embodiment, may also be provided separately or inany suitable subcombination or as suitable in any other describedembodiment of the invention. Certain features described in the contextof various embodiments are not to be considered essential features ofthose embodiments, unless the embodiment is inoperative without thoseelements.

Various embodiments and aspects of the present invention as delineatedhereinabove and as claimed in the claims section below find experimentalsupport in the following examples.

EXAMPLES

Reference is now made to the following examples, which together with theabove descriptions illustrate some embodiments of the invention in a nonlimiting fashion.

Generally, the nomenclature used herein and the laboratory proceduresutilized in the present invention include molecular, biochemical,microbiological and recombinant DNA techniques. Such techniques arethoroughly explained in the literature. See, for example, “MolecularCloning: A laboratory Manual” Sambrook et al., (1989); “CurrentProtocols in Molecular Biology” Volumes I-III Ausubel, R. M., ed.(1994); Ausubel et al., “Current Protocols in Molecular Biology”, JohnWiley and Sons, Baltimore, Md. (1989); Perbal, “A Practical Guide toMolecular Cloning”, John Wiley & Sons, New York (1988); Watson et al.,“Recombinant DNA”, Scientific American Books, New York; Birren et al.(eds) “Genome Analysis: A Laboratory Manual Series”, Vols. 1-4, ColdSpring Harbor Laboratory Press, New York (1998); methodologies as setforth in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,666,828; 4,683,202; 4,801,531; 5,192,659 and5,272,057; “Cell Biology: A Laboratory Handbook”, Volumes I-III Cellis,J. E., ed. (1994); “Current Protocols in Immunology” Volumes I-IIIColigan J. E., ed. (1994); Stites et al. (eds), “Basic and ClinicalImmunology” (8th Edition), Appleton & Lange, Norwalk, Conn. (1994);Mishell and Shiigi (eds), “Selected Methods in Cellular Immunology”, W.H. Freeman and Co., New York (1980); available immunoassays areextensively described in the patent and scientific literature, see, forexample, U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,791,932; 3,839,153; 3,850,752; 3,850,578;3,853,987; 3,867,517; 3,879,262; 3,901,654; 3,935,074; 3,984,533;3,996,345; 4,034,074; 4,098,876; 4,879,219; 5,011,771 and 5,281,521;“Oligonucleotide Synthesis” Gait, M. J., ed. (1984); “Nucleic AcidHybridization” Hames, B. D., and Higgins S. J., eds. (1985);“Transcription and Translation” Hames, B. D., and Higgins S. J., Eds.(1984); “Animal Cell Culture” Freshney, R. I., ed. (1986); “ImmobilizedCells and Enzymes” IRL Press, (1986); “A Practical Guide to MolecularCloning” Perbal, B., (1984) and “Methods in Enzymology” Vol. 1-317,Academic Press; “PCR Protocols: A Guide To Methods And Applications”,Academic Press, San Diego, Calif. (1990); Marshak et al., “Strategiesfor Protein Purification and Characterization—A Laboratory CourseManual” CSHL Press (1996); all of which are incorporated by reference asif fully set forth herein. Other general references are providedthroughout this document. The procedures therein are believed to be wellknown in the art and are provided for the convenience of the reader. Allthe information contained therein is incorporated herein by reference.

General Materials and Experimental Methods

hESC Culture and Differentiation

H9 (4), I3, I6 (13) and CSES2 (14, 15) cells were routinely cultured onmouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) that have been mitoticallyinactivated by mitomycin C. The cells were grown in ES cell mediumconsisting of: 80% knockout Dulbeco's Modified Eagle's Medium(Invitrogen, Paisley, UK), 20% knockout serum replacement (Invitrogen),1 mM glutamine (Biological Industries, Israel) and 1% non-essentialamino acids (Biological Industries, Israel), 0.1 mM 2-mercaptoethanol(Sigma Chemical Co.) and 4 ng/ml basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF)(PeproTech, Rehovot, Israel). Karyotyping of hESCs and transfectedclones was performed as described (16). Embryonic bodies (EBs) wereformed by harvesting the cells with a trypsin solution which containscalcium and magnesium (Biological Industries, Israel). When cellclusters began to detach from the MEF feeders, the cells were collected,centrifuged and transferred to plastic non coated UV-irradiatedbacteriological Petri dishes in EB medium in order to allow theiraggregation. The EB medium used is essentially the same as the ES cellmedium except bFGF was not included. The EB medium consisted of: 80%knockout Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium (Invitrogen, Paisley, UK),20% knockout serum replacement (Invitrogen), 1 mM glutamine (BiologicalIndustries, Israel) and 1% non-essential amino acids (BiologicalIndustries, Israel).

Transfections

BAC Transgenesis of a SOX17-GFP Reporter BAC

The SOX17 BAC reporter construct was built using recombineering(recombination-mediated genetic engineering) (17) in which the codingsequence of the SOX17 gene was replaced by the coding sequence of theGFP gene together with a floxed neomycin resistance gene. BACs wereobtained from the Australian Genome Research Facility and specificallyRP11-53M11 and RP11-47H10 were modified. The modified BACs wereelectroporated into hESCs essentially according to the protocol of Zwakaand Thomson (18). Briefly, hESCs cells were harvested from the platewith a trypsin solution containing calcium and magnesium and werecentrifuged and the pellet was resuspended in 500 microliters of ES cellmedium. Fifty micrograms of BAC DNA were mixed with PBS to a finalvolume of 300 microliters and the DNA solution was mixed with the cellsuspension and was transferred to a 4 mm cuvette (Bio-Rad, Richmond,Calif.). The cells were electroporated using a Bio-Rad Gene Pulser at320V and 200 mF. After electroporation the cuvette was allowed to standfor ten minutes and then the contents were transferred to a plate ofMEFs in ES cell medium. For selection of resistant colonies, the hESCswere cultured on MEFs harboring the neomycin resistance gene (derivedfrom DR4 mice; Jackson Laboratories USA). To obtain optimal survival ofthe cells after electroporation, Rho-associated kinase (ROCK) Inhibitor(Alexis Biochemicals, San Diego, Calif., USA) was added to the medium ata concentration of 10 mM. Two days later, selection with G418 (40microgram/ml effective concentration) was initiated and selection mediumwas changed every two or three days. At about day 14, G418 resistantclones were isolated and expanded.

The various clones were allowed to form embryoid bodies (EBs) in thepresence of activin A (66 ng/ml) (Peprotech) and two days later, the EBswere dissociated into single cells with TrypLE select (Invitrogen) andwere analysed by FACS.

BAC Transgenesis of PDX1-GFP Reporter BAC

A PDX1 BAC reporter construct was built in which the coding sequence ofthe PDX1 gene was replaced by the coding sequence of the GFP genetogether with a floxed Neo gene in a BAC spanning the genomic region ofthe PDX1 gene (RP11-328P22, GenBank Accession No. AL353195.14 (SEQ IDNO:34)). The BAC included about 8.6 kb of upstream promoter sequence ofthe PDX1 gene (SEQ ID NO:16) and about 19.2 Kb of the downstreamsequence of the PDX1 gene (SEQ ID NO:17).

Similarly to the SOX17-BAC, various hESC clones harbouring the PDX1—GFPreporter BAC were isolated and were allowed to differentiate by formingEBs. At day 14, the EBs were dissociated into single cells and wereanalysed by FACS.

Cell Culture and Genetic Labeling

Human Embryonic Stem Cells (HESC) clones carrying either SOX17 or PDX1BAC GFP reporter protein were generated for the screening. Cells weregrown in a tissue culture facility and received standard treatments andmedium replacement. Differentiations to definitive endoderm (SOX17⁺) andto pancreatic cells (PDX1⁺) were achieved by applying the appropriateprotocols as described below. Positive monitoring of SOX17-GFP⁺ cellsand PDX1-GFP⁺ cells enables the isolation of semi-homogenous populationfor the expression analysis.

Differentiation of Pluripotent Stem Cells into Definite Endodermal Cells

To differentiate hESCs toward definitive endoderm, the present inventorsused the protocol described by D'Amour (D'Amour 2006, Nat Biotechnol24:1392-1401) which includes culturing the cells in the presence ofActivin A or its substitute IDE2 (Borowiak M, 2009 (Cell Stem Cell 4,348-358)). In brief, 80-90% confluent hESCs were cultured for 1 day inRPMI (Invitrogen) medium supplemented with 1 mM glutamine and either 25ng/ml Wnt3a (R&D) and 100 ng/ml Activin A (Peprotec), or 5 μM IDE2 (EnzoLife Sciences Inc, Lausen, Switzerland). The medium was then changed toRPMI with 0.2% Foetal bovine serum (FBS) (Invitrogen), 1 mM glutamineand 100 ng/ml Activin A or 5 μM IDE2 for culturing of 2 additional days.

Differentiation of Definite Endodermal Cells into Pancreatic ProgenitorCells

Definite endodermal cells can be further differentiated into pancreaticprogenitor cells by following the differentiation protocol(s) describedby D'Amour 2006 (Nat Biotechnol 24:1392-1401), Kroon 2008 (NatBiotechnol. 2008; 26:443-52. Epub 2008 Feb. 20) and/or Borowiak 2009(Cell Stem Cell 4, 348-358, Apr. 3, 2009).

Microarray

RNA was extracted from FACS sorted cell populations using Qiagen microRNA isolation kit. The integrity of the RNA was confirmed using an RNAPico Bioanalyzer and microarray analysis was performed on the Human GeneST1.0 chip (Affymetrix, Santa Clara, Calif.). Three replicas from eachdifferentiation stage (SOX17⁺ and PDX1⁺ cells) were loaded on microarraychips. Analysis was performed on the Human Gene ST1.0 chip (Affymetrix,Santa Clara, Calif.). Evaluation of changes in gene expression wasperformed by comparing array results to a previous Human Embryonic StemCells (HESC) microarray data (3 replicas) and to Pancreas microarrayresults (3 replicas).

Data Analysis

In accordance with the aim of the current study, an emphasis was put ongenes with known surface characteristics. The Gene Ontology (G0)Cellular Component Term information from the Affymetrix database wasanalyzed, enabling an efficient prioritization of the relevant genes andsequences. The present inventors used the Partek® Genomics Suite™(Partek Incorporated, St. Louis, Mo., U.S.A) for the bioinformaticanalysis. Following the first analysis, a refinement of each selectedgene was done by crossing the results with the comprehensive GeneCardsdatabase (http://www(dot)genecards(dot)org/). Following the cross check,genes were divided into two groups: cell surface genes; and putativesurface and membranal genes.

Statistical Analysis

The Fold Change (FC) threshold was set on FC=2.0. Expression comparisonswere calculated by using Student's test. Significance was taken asP<0.05.

Selection of PDX1 Expressing Cells

14 day-old EBs or older EBs were used to select for TROP-2 and GPR50expressing cells.

FACS Sorting

FACS sorting was performed on single cells that had been dissociatedusing TrypLE select (Invitrogen) using a FACS ARIA (Becton Dickinson,Bedford, Mass.). GFP positive (GFP+) and GFP negative (GFP−) cells wereisolated. FACS sorting was also performed using allophycocyanin (APC)conjugated mouse monoclonal anti human TROP-2 (1:100) and mousemonoclonal anti human GPR50 (1:200) (both from R&D Systems Inc.,Minneapolis, Minn.) followed by secondary anti-mouse immunoglobulin G(IgG) fluorescence isothiocyanate (FITC) conjugated antibody 1:100(Chemicon/Millipore, Billerica, Mass.).

RT-PCR

Total RNA was isolated from differentiated hESCs using RNeasy micro kit(Qiagen, Hilden, GmbH) according to the manufacturer's recommendedprotocol. cDNA was synthesized using Superscript reverse transcriptase(Invitrogen). Quantitative Real Time (QRT) PCR (RT-qPCR) analysis wasperformed in triplicate and normalized to the internal endogene GAPDHgene expression. The reaction was performed in an ABI Prism 7000(Applied Biosystems, Warrington, UK) with the TaqMan Universal PCRMaster Mix (Applied Biosystems) using Taqman probes (Applied Biosystems)and analyzed using the relative Quantification (RQ) study in theSequence Detection Software (V. 1.2; Applied Biosystems).

Immunofluorescence

The cells were seeded on 13 mm glass cover slides in E-well cultureplates. Forty-eight hours after seeding, cells were fixed for 20 minutesin 4% paraformaldehyde in PBS; permeabilized using 0.5% TritonX-100 inPBS/1% fetal bovine serum, and incubated overnight with the primaryantibodies: goat anti-SOX17 1:400 (R&D), goat anti-OCT4 1:200 (SantaCruz), rabbit anti-green florescent protein (GFP) polyclonal antibody1:100 (Chemicon/Millipore, Billerica, Mass.), or goat anti-PDX1 1:10,000(Abcam plc, Cambridge, UK). After rinsing, secondary anti-mouse oranti-goat IgG Cy3 and anti-rabbit IgG Cy2 (Jackson Laboratories, WestGrove, Pa.) were added to the samples, which were then incubated for anadditional hour. Finally, the cells were rinsed once more and mountedwith mounting media (VECTASHIELD, Vector Lab, CA). The slides wereanalyzed using a confocal microscope (Bio-Rad MRC 1024, Richmond Calif.,USA).

Example 1

The differentiation of hESCs into pancreatic beta cells is a stepwiseprocess by which the initially pluripotent cell gradually becomes morecommitted towards the final cell fate of a functional insulin-producingcell. Initially, the pluripotent stem cells differentiate viamesendoderm into definitive endoderm. The definitive endoderm thencommits towards a pancreatic cell fate, and these cells in turndifferentiate towards an endocrine pancreatic cell fate, after whichthey commit to beta cells. FIG. 5A depicts a schematic illustration ofdifferentiation of stem cells into pancreatic cells.

In order to fully characterize the differentiation of hESCs intoinsulin-producing cells it is important to identify and isolate thesestage specific progenitor cells and characterize their properties on themolecular level. By obtaining a transcriptional profile of these cellsand by identifying transcription factors that they express, a clearerpicture of the differentiation process can be obtained. The presentinventors took the approach of genetically labeling hESCs with stagespecific fluorescent reporter constructs, thus generating hESCs reporterclones. These provide a simple, accurate and sensitive readout of theappearance of the progenitors thus enabling optimization of conditionsfor inducing their differentiation. The fluorescent reporter lines alsoprovide valuable tools for isolating progenitor cells by FACS andfurther studying their gene profile.

The present inventors chose two key transcription factors expressedduring differentiation towards beta cells: SOX17 and PDX1. SOX17 isexpressed early at the definitive endoderm stage while PDX1 is expressedat a critical point in the pathway at which the cells decide todifferentiate into pancreas or non-pancreas endodermal derivatives.Using genetically modified hESCs expressing EGFP under the control ofSOX17 or PDX1 promoters, the present inventors were able to isolate thestage specific cells by FACS and characterize their transcriptionalprofile by qPCR and microarray analysis.

Experimental Results

BAC Transgenesis of a SOX17-GFP Reporter BAC

The simplest method to generate reporter cells is to introduce areporter plasmid expressing EGFP under a minimal promoter. The problemwith this approach is that the random integration of a plasmid issubject to position effects, and also that the minimal promoter mightnot mimic the exact in vivo expression pattern of the gene. A differentapproach that alleviates some of these problems is to modify a BAC thatspans the genomic region of the gene by inserting IRES-EGFP into the3′UTR of the gene or by replacing the coding sequence of the gene withthe coding sequence of EGFP. In such a way, EGFP is expressed under thecontrol of a more extensive genomic sequence that presumably containsall or most of the critical transcriptional regulatory elements of thegene. Furthermore, the large size of the BAC may, to some extent, bufferthe reporter construct from position effects.

A SOX17—BAC reporter construct was built in which the coding sequence ofthe SOX17 gene was replaced by the coding sequence of the GFP genetogether with a floxed neo gene.

Preparation of RP11-53M11 BAC SOX17-Reporter

EGFP and floxed neo was knocked into the SOX17 gene locus in a humangenomic BAC RP11-53M11 by replacing the coding sequence of SOX17 (ATG toTGA) with the coding sequence of GFP and also the floxed neo. FIG. 1Aschematically illustrates the structure of the recombinant construct.The BAC includes approximately 28.3 kb of SOX17 upstream sequence (SEQID NO:36) and approximately 132 kb of the SOX17 downstream sequence (SEQID NO:37). The sequence of the recombinant BAC (SEQ ID NO:1) includesthe GFP coding sequence (SEQ ID NO:2), along with the SV40 poly Asequence (SEQ ID NO:27), a loxP site (SEQ ID NO:4), the neomycinresistance gene sequence (SEQ ID NO:3) with the SV40 earlypromoter/enhancer (SEQ ID NO:28), and the TK polyadenylation site (SEQID NO:29), a second loxP site (SEQ ID NO:4), encompassed by the humanendogenous SOX17 upstream and downstream regulatory sequences.

Preparation of SOX17-GFP Knock in (KI) Plasmid Construct

The present inventors have then subloned out a region of the recombinantRP11-53M11 BAC SOX17-reporter BAC into a plasmid in order to generate agene trageting vector (SEQ ID NO:6). The genomic sequence encompassingthe SOX17-GFP sequence (from nucleotide 15487 of SEQ ID NO:1 tonucleotide 32492 of SEQ ID NO:1) was subcloned into the Bluescriptplasmid (Stratagene) (FIG. 1B, the sequence marked as 5′-arm, EGFP,Floxed Neo and 3′-arm). The 5′-arm includes about 9 kb of SOX17 upstreamregulatory sequence (SEQ ID NO:7) and the 3′-arm includes about 5 kb ofSOX17 downstream regulatory sequence (SEQ ID NO:8).

Two 3′-external probes were prepared (SEQ ID NOs:9 and 10) in order todetect correct targeting of the vector into the genomic DNA of the hostcell. For example, Southern blot screening of targeting at the 3′ end,the 3′-external probe (2) (SEQ ID NO:10) is used on XbaI digestedgenomic DNA (gDNA). The expected wild type band is 16.7 kb and theexpected targeted band is 10.3 kb. The vector can be linearized withNruI. The targeted clone should be ampicillin and kanamycin resistant.

Preparation of BAC SOX17-Reporter RP11-47H10:

EGFP and floxed neo was knocked into the SOX17 gene locus in a humangenomic BAC RP11-47H10 by replacing the coding sequence of SOX17 (ATG toTGA) with the coding sequence of GFP and the floxed neo. FIG. 1Cschematically illustrates the structure of the recombinant construct.There is approximately 74 kb upstream of the SOX17 upstream regulatorysequence (SEQ ID NO:38) and approximately 73 kb of the downstreamregulatory sequence (SEQ ID NO:39). The sequence of the recombinant BAC(SEQ ID NO:5) includes the GFP coding sequence (SEQ ID NO:2), along withthe SV40 poly A sequence (SEQ ID NO:27), a loxP site (SEQ ID NO:4), theneomycin resistance gene sequence (SEQ ID NO:3) with the SV40 earlypromoter/enhancer (SEQ ID NO:28), and the TK polyadenylation site (SEQID NO:29), a second loxP site (SEQ ID NO:4), encompassed by the humanendogenous SOX17 upstream (SEQ ID NO:38) and downstream (SEQ ID NO:39)regulatory sequences.

Preparation of SOX17-GFP Knock-in hESC Clones and Embryoid BodiesDifferentiated Therefrom

The RP11-47H10 GFP reporter BAC was electroporated into hESCs and G418resistant clones were isolated. The various clones were allowed to formEBs in the presence of activin A (66 ng/ml) and at day 2, the EBs weredissociated into single cells and were analysed by FACS (FIG. 2A) and byfluorescent microscopy (FIGS. 2B-2E). It was previously shown by severalgroups that high concentrations of activin A induced hESCs todifferentiate into definitive endoderm. SOX17 is one of the endodermalgenes that are induced using such a protocol, which initiates the pathtoward insulin producing cell differentiation (19, 20). As shown, therewas a clear population of GFP expressing cells in the different cloneswhich varied from about 5% to about 40% (FIG. 2A). Next, an 80%confluent monolayer of the SOX17-GFP reporter line was treated withactivin A (66 ng/ml) for three days after which immunohistochemistry wasperformed. The staining was carried out with anti-SOX17 (red) andanti-GFP (green) and demonstrated a clear correlation between SOX17 andGFP expression (FIG. 2E) thus confirming that the GFP⁺ cells indeedrepresent the SOX17⁺ population. The present inventors further stainedthe cells for both OCT4 (green), which marks undifferentiated cells, andSOX17 (red), marking the definitive endoderm population (FIG. 2G). Cellsexpressing OCT4 indicating the pluripotent state, were not positive forSOX17 and conversely, cells expressing SOX17 had turned off their OCT4expression.

Gene Expression Analysis of SOX17+ cells

The SOX17-GFP reporter cells were grown as a monolayer in the presenceof activin A for two days and then they were FACS-sorted into GFP⁺ andGFP⁻ populations. RNA was extracted from both populations and cDNA wassynthesized. qPCR was performed comparing the relative expression ofvarious genes between the GFP+ and the GFP⁻ cell populations (FIG. 2H).The present inventors were able to demonstrate that the GFP+ cells wereenriched for SOX17 expression as compared to the GFP⁻ cell population,thus confirming that the GFP positive cells indeed represent a SOX17positive cell population. Moreover, in the GFP+ cell population, anupregulation of genes which are related to definitive endoderm ormesendoderm such as chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4), Cerebrus (CER),Goosecoid (GSC), CD34, and hepatocyte nuclear factor 3 beta (FOXA2) wasobserved, while expression of genes, such as NANOG which is primarily amarker of undifferentiated cells, was clearly decreased in the GFP⁺population. These results further validate that the GFP+ sortedpopulation indeed represent definitive endoderm or mesendoderm.

Transcriptional Profiling of SOX17⁺ Cells

Microarray analysis was performed on the SOX17⁺ fraction using anAffymetrix Human Gene ST1.0 chip to obtain a transcriptional profile ofthis precursor population. Tables 1-2 hereinbelow summarize the findingsof the microarray analysis, with information regardingmembrane-associated genes (membranal and cell surface markers) which areupregulated (Table 1) and downregulated (Table 2) in the SOX17+subpopulation of cells as compared to the genetically un-modified hESCs.Tables 3-4 hereinbelow summarize the findings of the microarrayanalysis, with information regarding non-membrane-associated genes(e.g., non-membranal, intracellular, secreted, transcription factors andthe like) which are upregulated (Table 3) and downregulated (Table 4) inthe SOX17+ subpopulation of cells as compared to the geneticallyun-modified hESCs. Examples of transcription factors and growth factorsthat were enriched in the SOX17⁺ expressing cells include FOXA2, bonemorphogenetic protein 2 (BMP2), frizzled homolog 5 (FZDS), HNF1 homeoboxB (HNF1b), GATA binding protein 3 (GATA3), paired box 3 (PAX3), vascularendothelial growth factor A (VEGFA) and Kruppel-like factor 8 (KLF8).Examples of secreted proteins that were enriched in the SOX17+expressing cells include insulin-like growth factor binding protein 5(IGFBPS), Apolipoprotein A-I (ApoA1) and apolipoprotein B (APOB).Examples of transmembrane proteins enriched in this population includeCXCR4 (as was previously reported), CLAUDIN 18, cholecystokinin Breceptor (CCKBR), leukemia inhibitory factor receptor alpha (LIFR), Gprotein-coupled receptor 141 (GPR141), G protein-coupled receptor 128(GPR128), follicle stimulating hormone receptor (FSHR), CD34, and bonemarrow stromal cell antigen 2 (BST2).

TABLE 1 Membranal genes which are upregulated in SOX17+ cells ascompared to genetically un-modified hESCs Affy. target SEQ ID NO: Log 2fold Gene Probe nucl. SEQ Rep. (Of Rep. Polyn. SEQ ID NOs: change SymbolSet ID ID NO: Public ID Public ID) rep. by target [SOX17-HESC] TRPA18151341 44 NM_007332 107 4060, 8269, 5433, +4.18 SLC40A1 8057677 45NM_014585 108 3154, 4368, 6969, 5406, 7045, +3.69 8144, 8627, 7674,6595, 6989, SLC30A10 7924342 46 NM_018713 109 3493, 3718, 6268, 6130,8273, +3.65 8216, CCKBR 7938090 47 NM_176875 110 2809, 5307, 5676, +3.50VIPR2 8165658 48 X59268 111 2553, 3426, 3422, 6269, +3.45 COLEC128021946 49 NM_130386 112 2891, 4601, 6579, +3.12 FLRT3 8065071 50NM_198391 113 2812, 5172, 5173, 5918, 7056, +3.11 6380, LGR5 7957140 51NM_003667 114 2732, 3193, 6795, 5509, +3.09 GPR141 8132347 52 NM_181791115 3313, 3318, 6342, 5701, 6692, +3.04 BST2 8035304 53 NM_004335 1163090, 2805, 5403, 7124, +3.02 SLC5A9 7901316 54 NM_001011547 117 4682,4626, 4627, 6649, 6403, +2.94 7403, 7829, 6781, 6361, GPR128 8081298 55NM_032787 118 3995, 4847, 5470, 7733, 8308, +2.93 8445, KEL 8143534 56NM_000420 119 2886, 2987, 6934, 8187, 8288, +2.91 6818, 6144, 8559,LRIG3 7964602 57 NM_153377 120 3457, 3537, 4639, 5656, 6683, +2.89 7048,LYPD6B 8045664 58 NM_177964 121 3039, 3538, 8714, 5464, 7286, +2.836455, 7123, 7806, 7494, 8341, 7067, 6613, FSHR 8052072 59 NM_000145 1224265, 5021, 5022, 6252, 5713, +2.73 7612, 7221, 6397, LIFR 8111677 60NM_001127671 123 2551, 4403, 4404, 5491, 7187, +2.72 7919, 8314, 7758,FOLH1 7948058 61 NM_153696 124 3060, 3615, 2779, 2843, 3871, +2.70 2598,4703, 4705, 4140, 4138, 2773, 3026, 3280, 5177, 5176, 2766, 5178, 3821,6173, 5921, 6307, 5425, 6469, 6968, CXCR4 8055465 62 NM_001008540 1252782, 3775, 3776, 5384, 6834, +2.69 7645, ITGA5 7963786 63 NM_002205 1263341, 3761, 5661, 6880, +2.58 AMOT 8174576 64 NM_001113490 127 2826,4332, 3837, 7904, 5933, +2.55 6751, 5641, 6093, 6295, LY6E 8148572 65NM_001127213 128 2668, 4370, 4371, 8116, 5582, +2.47 7083, 8656, 8711,8353, 7871, 7878, SEMA6D 7983527 66 NM_024966 129 3078, 3079, 3080,3081, 3082, +2.46 4192, 4279, 3184, 3186, 3187, 3185, 3188, 3183, 6040,7595, 5709, 6809, 6877, 7470, 6289, 5994, GJA5 7919340 67 NM_005266 1303364, 4104, 4105, 7691, 6103, +2.46 6550, 5474, PRTG 7989073 68NM_173814 131 3710, 4778, 6379, +2.42 CD34 7923978 69 NM_001773 1322563, 3891, 3854, 5956, 6086, +2.40 5785, 6059, 8087, TMEM144 8098041 70NM_018342 133 2802, 3163, 3170, 3261, 3319, +2.40 3506, 3267, 4584,8697, 8424, 5686, 8259, 8744, 8370, 7977, 8192, 7923, 7849, 8039, 7954,8413, 7830, ROR2 8162283 71 NM_004560 134 3804, 4102, 2608, 3151, 3287,+2.35 5241, 6393, 7306, 6756, 8135, GPR177 7916862 72 NM_024911 1353473, 5169, 5171, 5170, 6985, +2.33 7944, 8040, 5423, 6217, 5957, 7720,6063, 8128, 6006, OR2T4 7911273 73 NM_001004696 136 3717, 6107, +2.33SLC7A7 7977786 74 NM_001126105 137 2789, 5292, 5291, 7158, 7255, +2.325870, 8255, 6471, 7642, KCNJ3 8045795 75 NM_002239 138 2667, 3201, 5594,8178, +2.31 CLDN18 8082928 76 NM_016369 139 4183, 3788, 3787, 8686,5317, +2.29 6211, TMEM106C 7955063 77 NM_024056 140 3447, 4690, 4693,4691, 4692, +2.22 5419, 6591, 7332, GPR151 8114896 78 NM_194251 1413379, 3780, 5572, +2.21 SLC44A5 7917052 79 NM_152697 142 3153, 4453,4454, 7183, 6087, +2.18 6160, CDH10 8111255 80 NM_006727 143 2788, 5142,8497, 5507, 8253, +2.18 8371, TMEM27 8171472 81 NM_020665 144 2960,4942, 6430, +2.17 SLC1A1 8154135 82 NM_004170 145 3070, 5025, 5401,7218, 8331, +2.13 TMEM56 7903162 83 NM_152487 146 4133, 4607, 6302,7020, 6966, +2.11 6405, CD177 8037298 84 NM_020406 147 3744, 4005, 6408,7480, 7666, +2.09 PLXNA2 7923991 85 NM_025179 148 4111, 4029, 6303,8403, 6499, +2.08 SLC26A2 8109194 86 NM_000112 149 3484, 3972, 5711,7134, +2.05 DSCAM 8070421 87 NM_001389 150 2796, 3591, 6842, +2.04TMEM133 7943369 88 NM_032021 151 2860, 3175, 5703, +2.02 IL13RA1 816958089 NM_001560 152 2683, 3219, 6256, 6220, 8730, +2.00 6320, ATP2B17965359 90 NM_001001323 153 2655, 3664, 3663, 6331, 5399, +1.92 6047,6021, 6425, CD302 8056102 91 NM_014880 154 3314, 3316, 3317, 3215, 2603,+1.92 4536, 3431, 3435, 4256, 3004, 4660, 5416, 6685, 8428, 8482, 7955,MEGF9 8163775 92 NM_001080497 155 4704, 5185, 6235, 6965, +1.91 EDNRA8097692 93 NM_001957 156 2600, 4920, 4921, 4922, 8628, +1.89 5591, 5960,8235, 5962, 8220, 6628, 7962, CDH2 8022674 94 NM_001792 157 3134, 4668,5546, +1.88 GPR161 7922108 95 NM_153832 158 3044, 3194, 7409, 6232,7729, +1.86 6084, 8332, 5530, 5999, TYRO3 7982938 96 NM_006293 159 2646,5109, 5565, +1.85 FLRT2 7976073 97 NM_013231 160 4059, 3816, 5667, +1.82LRIT3 8096839 98 NM_198506 161 3439, 4440, 5693, 7042, 6600, +1.82 PCDH78094520 99 NM_032457 162 2723, 5014, 5015, 2937, 5262, +1.80 5768, 5971,NRCAM 8142270 100 NM_001037132 163 3565, 3859, 3993, 3989, 3309, +1.793102, 3441, 4484, 5180, 5181, 5182, 5183, 5184, 8267, 7609, 7127, 6412,6732, 7550, 6919, 8165, 7672, 6704, 6312, 7407, 7189, 7606, 6991, 7159,6420, 6482, 6987, SMAGP 7963280 101 NM_001033873 164 3242, 3886, 3885,6421, 7267, +1.73 AMHR2 7955797 102 NM_020547 165 4056, 4904, 4903,4905, 7400, +1.73 5395, ELTD1 7917182 103 NM_022159 166 3027, 4175,6126, 7630, +1.73 GRPR 8166202 104 NM_005314 167 2579, 3797, 6967, +1.73EPHA4 8059279 105 NM_004438 168 3926, 3577, 6427, 7497, 5543, +1.72 CD998165794 106 NM_001122898 169 3639, 2591, 2693, 3374, 2887, +1.70 3376,3010, 3030, 4292, 4358, 3378, 8134, 6730, 8768, 6667, 6606, 7512, 7524,Table 1. Provided are the description of the membranal genes along withthe sequence identifiers of the Affymetrix probes, the target sequenceidentified by the Affymetrix probe (Affy. target nucl. SEQ ID NO:), andthe mRNA sequences represented by the target sequences. Also shown arethe log 2 fold change in expression levels of the indicated genesbetween the SOX17 GFP cells and the genetically unmodified HESCs. The(+) or (−) sign means that the genes are upregulated or downregulated,respectively, in the SOX17-GFP cells as compared to the geneticallyunmodified HESCs.

TABLE 2 Membranal genes which are downregulated in SOX17+ cells ascompared to genetically un-modified ESCs Affy. target SEQ ID NO: Log 2fold Gene Probe nucl. SEQ Rep. (of Rep. Polyn. SEQ ID NOs: change SymbolSet ID ID NO: Public ID Public ID) rep. by target [SOX17-HESC] KDR8100393 170 NM_002253 204 2708, 4588, 7921, 5498, 8228, −4.30 PCDHB58108697 171 NM_015669 205 2872, 2931, 5379, −3.42 FAT4 8097288 172NM_024582 206 3507, 4331, 5697, 7491, −2.99 FLT1 7970763 173NM_001159920 207 3763, 4816, 4818, 4819, 4817, 5510, −2.88 NRN1 8123739174 NM_016588 208 3230, 3454, 7755, 5387, −2.87 THBS2 8130867 175NM_003247 209 4184, 3540, 8063, 7661, 5992, 6904, −2.85 PTPRZ1 8135774176 NM_002851 210 2599, 3943, 7457, 8030, 7815, 8011, 8237, 7646, −2.79SLC6A15 7965206 177 NM_001146335 211 3618, 4807, 4688, 4689, 5536, 5746,5761, 7293, −2.77 GPR176 7987439 178 NM_007223 212 3580, 2783, 5852,−2.72 SEMA6A 8113666 179 NM_020796 213 2844, 4722, 3122, 3148, 4310,4145, 8137, 8152, −2.68 7900, 5499, 8724, 8667, 8467, 8111, 5437, 8321,7896, 5978, 8764, THBS1 7982597 180 NM_003246 214 4759, 3539, 7996,5434, 8028, 7563, 6593, 8344, −2.63 CDH11 8001800 181 NM_001797 2152639, 2970, 5559, 6928, −2.51 GRID2 8096440 182 NM_001510 216 2719,4235, 8429, 5557, 7933, 8154, −2.51 SLC7A11 8102800 183 NM_014331 2172916, 3899, 8531, 5555, −2.46 CDH1 7996837 184 NM_004360 218 4149, 4182,2614, 4278, 4556, 2794, 2795, 4415, −2.46 4294, 4315, 4347, 5506, 7453,5404, 7133, LRFN5 7974109 185 NM_152447 219 4563, 4583, 5622, −2.45EDNRB 7972157 186 NM_003991 220 2606, 5247, 5246, 5248, 5597, 7819,7369, −2.44 THY1 7952268 187 NM_006288 221 3096, 4729, 5694, −2.36 NETO18023828 188 NM_138999 222 3269, 3045, 5252, 5646, 6813, 5692, −2.28KCND2 8135705 189 NM_012281 223 3907, 3225, 5604, 8488, −2.28 TMPRSS11E8095380 190 NM_014058 224 3472, 4222, 5579, 8653, −2.21 TMPRSS11E8095364 191 NM_014058 225 3472, 4222, 5579, 8653, −2.19 CD44 7939341 192NM_000610 226 3067, 3068, 2739, 3276, 4538, 2566, 2586, 2564, −2.172565, 2660, 4282, 4552, 4163, 4631, 2890, 3277, 3579, 3658, 3659, 3660,3661, 3662, 6650, 7581, 7244, 6542, 7096, 5461, 6031, 7241, 6225, 7493,6898, 5515, 6679, 5545, 5516, PDPN 7898057 193 NM_001006624 227 3236,2746, 2747, 3084, 3519, 2965, 3133, 4305, −2.08 4306, 3747, 3748, 3745,3746, 8458, 8786, 8213, 5840, 7528, 8392, 8050, 7659, 7822, 8446, SLC7A17970810 194 NM_003045 228 3517, 4636, 6881, −2.08 KAL1 8171248 195NM_000216 229 2607, 4088, 5560, 8200, −2.07 KCNG3 8051785 196 NM_133329230 3647, 5227, 5228, 5783, 7561, −2.05 GPM6B 8171359 197 NM_005278 2314714, 3686, 3685, 3687, 3684, 6150, 8294, 6043, −2.04 5590, 7105, FXYD58027778 198 NM_144779 232 3228, 3470, 2828, 3419, 3286, 4528, 3008,3388, −1.96 4895, 4896, 4898, 4897, 6381, 7395, 6565, 5906, 7311, 8512,PCDH18 8102792 199 NM_019035 233 4262, 4225, 5888, 7284, −1.93 ICAM38033987 200 NM_002162 234 3247, 4340, 5318, −1.92 MCTP1 8113130 201NM_024717 235 3688, 3689, 4710, 3372, 4621, 4622, 8584, 8536, −1.898020, 8738, 8599, 7737, 8789, 5624, 7945, 7981, 7997, 8146, 6686, 7715,8769, 8630, 7018, TACR3 8102127 202 NM_001059 236 2592, 5166, 5672,−1.82 TMEM155 8102636 203 NM_152399 237 3259, 4659, 4024, 8590, 7444,8029, 8685, 7009, −1.79 7201, 8783, 5815, 7282, Table 2. Provided arethe description of the membranal genes along with the sequenceidentifiers of the Affymetrix probes, the target sequence identified bythe Affymetrix probe, and the mRNA sequences represented by the targetsequences. Also shown are the log 2 fold change in expression levels ofthe indicated genes between the SOX17 GFP cells and the geneticallyunmodified HESCs. The (+) or (−) sign means that the genes areupregulated or downregulated, respectively, in the SOX17-GFP cells ascompared to the genetically unmodified HESCs.

TABLE 3 Non-membranal genes which are up-regulated in SOX17+ cells ascompared to genetically un-modified ESCs Affy. target SEQ ID NO: Log 2fold Gene Probe nucl. SEQ Rep. (Of Rep. Polyn. SEQ ID NOs: change SymbolSet ID ID NO: Public ID Public ID) rep. by target [SOX17-HESC] GATA37926105 238 NM_002051 530 2915, 3695, 3696, 6780, 6049, 7381, +4.48SEMA3E 8140650 239 NM_012431 531 4218, 5112, 5113, 5625, 7193, +4.11HHEX 7929282 240 NM_002729 532 2961, 4124, 7867, 5797, 8612, +3.94ZNF280A 8074853 241 NM_080740 533 3304, 3570, 5866, +3.88 FAM184A8129231 242 NM_024581 534 3503, 4208, 4209, 8021, 7766, 5900, 8495,+3.82 6262, WDR72 7988990 243 NM_182758 535 3418, 4240, 6598, 6055,+3.80 PDZK1 7904843 244 NM_002614 536 3336, 5243, 4204, 7461, 7260,6532, 6226, +3.75 7090, 6900, 7707, 7472, 6465, RLBP1L2 8121803 245NM_001010852 537 3116, 3869, 5483, 6248, +3.66 SHISA2 7970676 246NM_001007538 538 4110, 3758, 5588, +3.57 VIL1 8048319 247 NM_007127 5394477, 4578, 5439, +3.51 STMN2 8147030 248 NM_007029 540 4711, 5225,5342, +3.51 APOA2 7921834 249 NM_001643 541 2901, 2758, 6253, 8161,7460, 7113, 8544, +3.44 6696, 7530, 7963, 6627, 6449, SERHL 8073585 250NM_014509 542 4046, 3113, 3203, 4870, 6789, 7257, 7696, +3.42 6190,7885, 6148, 8055, 5575, PPFIBP2 7938231 251 NM_003621 543 3011, 4355,5626, +3.39 DKK1 7927631 252 NM_012242 544 3471, 3796, 7543, 8463, 8242,5959, +3.38 MUM1L1 8169145 253 NM_152423 545 3142, 4991, 4993, 6316,5894, 5576, +3.33 IGFBP5 8058857 254 NM_000599 546 2583, 4357, 8723,5360, +3.28 ST6GALNAC2 8018761 255 NM_006456 547 2638, 4437, 5345, +3.27TSPYL5 8151931 256 NM_033512 548 3241, 3675, 5757, +3.26 STC1 8149825257 NM_003155 549 2725, 3793, 5771, +3.25 SYTL5 8166747 258 NM_001163335550 3411, 4887, 4885, 4886, 5912, 6888, 5629, +3.19 EPSTI1 7971296 259NM_033255 551 3367, 3694, 3693, 5738, 5732, 7664, 7742, +3.18 ANKRD17934979 260 NM_014391 552 2995, 3511, 5932, +3.18 ARHGAP24 8096160 261NM_001025616 553 3856, 4013, 4014, 4012, 8287, 7220, 7970, +3.08 6456,8329, 8596, 5517, 8693, 8490, KRT18P49 8169233 262 ENST00000427083 5547599, +3.07 PRSS2 8136790 263 — +3.05 RHOBTB3 8106986 264 NM_014899 5553394, 4041, 7121, 8530, 7782, 8683, 8248, +3.05 7828, 8218, 8489, FRZB8057506 265 NM_001463 556 2679, 5106, 5695, +3.05 RARB 8078286 266NM_016152 557 2681, 3505, 4596, 4598, 8684, 7033, 8333, +3.03 6707,5820, 6360, 7180, ADAMTS9 8088560 267 NM_182920 558 4100, 3333, 8622,8439, 8457, 6636, 7795, +3.01 8233, 8784, ARL4D 8007493 268 NM_001661559 3037, 3901, 5663, +3.00 PRDM1 8121257 269 NM_182907 560 3253, 5303,4361, 6228, 6168, 8184, 8624, +2.96 7700, HP 7997188 270 NM_005143 5613893, 4016, 4018, 2580, 2622, 2977, 2992, +2.96 3453, 3617, 4365, 4366,6921, 6310, 6000, 6001, FZD5 8058498 271 NM_003468 562 2934, 4015, 5838,+2.95 TRY6 8136807 272 — +2.94 ATP6V0D2 8147145 273 NM_152565 563 3548,3146, 7959, 8150, 5593, +2.93 ANGPT2 8149071 274 NM_001147 564 2696,4344, 4345, 4346, 5744, 7577, +2.92 DENND2C 7918768 275 NM_198459 5653586, 4103, 6796, 6943, 8236, 8046, 6164, +2.88 7594, BMP5 8127193 276NM_021073 566 2611, 3202, 5997, 7150, +2.87 FOXA2 8065344 277 NM_021784567 2770, 4577, 4466, 5823, 7393, 7364, 6571, +2.83 HAS2 8152617 278NM_005328 568 2676, 4348, 5843, 6409, +2.80 BMP2 8060850 279 NM_001200569 3900, 6567, +2.79 S100A16 7920291 280 NM_080388 570 3782, 2999,5985, 6066, 6285, 6298, 8082, +2.79 FOLH1B 7942998 281 NM_153696 5713060, 2843, 3280, 5177, 2766, 5178, 6173, +2.78 5921, 6307, 5425, 6469,FAM122C 8169995 282 NM_001170779 572 4513, 4955, 4956, 4957, 4958, 4959,4960, +2.77 4954, 6451, 7031, 8034, 6865, 6135, 8059, 8191, 6912, 8587,6236, FZD4 7950885 283 NM_012193 573 2784, 5289, +2.77 C5 8163839 284NM_001735 574 3997, 3497, 8045, 5344, 6954, 6376, +2.77 S100A14 7920297285 NM_020672 575 2827, 2832, 8484, 5892, 5948, 6180, 7538, +2.76 6036,VEGFA 8119898 286 NM_001025366 576 3808, 4966, 4967, 4968, 4969, 4970,4971, +2.74 4972, 4973, 4974, 4975, 4976, 4977, 4978, 4979, 4980, 4981,8712, 5968, 6175, 7640, 5961, 5690, 7243, 8549, 6759, 6136, 7716, 8136,8355, 8159, 8018, 7079, 8270, 8120, 7866, 8507, 8066, 7946, CLIP48041179 287 NM_024692 577 4055, 4666, 6910, 6677, 7982, 7631, 5684,+2.72 7192, 6576, 6387, 7420, 8380, GPAM 8165663 288 AK172782 578 3609,+2.70 HNF1B 8014591 289 NM_000458 579 2989, 4226, 4915, 5347, 6709,6537, +2.69 APOA1 7951865 290 NM_000039 580 3902, 2762, 6306, 5375,6654, 6990, +2.68 CFLAR 8047381 291 NM_003879 581 2698, 2700, 2701,2702, 2703, 2697, 2727, +2.67 2728, 2729, 2714, 2715, 2716, 2717, 2718,3809, 3282, 4540, 4723, 2706, 2695, 2707, 4275, 4518, 2881, 4319, 5254,5255, 7718, 7181, 7213, 6901, 7210, 7050, 6868, 7797, 7093, 6246, 6301,6416, 6026, 8088, 7173, 6972, 6669, 7157, 7540, 7179, 6019, 5721, RBM248117045 292 NM_153020 582 3092, 4733, 4735, 4734, 6592, 6373, 5606,+2.66 8008, 8572, 8110, RNF152 8023598 293 NM_173557 583 3123, 3946,5605, +2.66 TTR 8020795 294 NM_000371 584 2722, 4730, 6739, 5362, +2.66TTN 8057056 295 NM_133378 585 3308, 2656, 3424, 4106, 4107, 3344, 3048,+2.63 5008, 5009, 5011, 5007, 5010, 7368, 5887, 5945, 7339, 6830, 8194,6950, 6315, 6321, 6481, 7366, 6697, 6793, 7546, 6131, 5681, EGFLAM8105013 296 NM_152403 586 3530, 5277, 5276, 5275, 6119, 5859, 8466,+2.62 5742, 6783, 8384, 6717, 7825, 8629, 8422, 7942, 6265, APOB 8050619297 NM_000384 587 2558, 3976, 5351, +2.62 DIO3 7976858 298 NM_001362 5882990, 4161, 8265, 6088, +2.61 IFLTD1 7961875 299 NM_152590 589 4498,4781, 4782, 4784, 4785, 4783, 5790, +2.60 7143, 6544, 6853, ABCC47972297 300 NM_005845 590 3298, 4237, 4238, 6825, 6506, 6826, 6736,+2.58 7298, CCDC141 8057377 301 NM_173648 591 3425, 5152, 5914, 5666,7929, +2.58 ENC1 8112615 302 NM_003633 592 2731, 4418, 7756, 5853, 8481,+2.57 NEK2 7924096 303 NM_002497 593 3232, 5258, 5965, 7142, 6196, +2.57ELMO1 8139057 304 NM_014800 594 2968, 3692, 4045, 2861, 3438, 4258,4520, +2.56 4479, 2801, 2880, 3542, 5280, 5279, 8359, 7086, 5936, 6939,6791, 6584, 7972, 7197, 7051, 6279, 5770, 6974, 6770, 7488, 7401, 7549,6438, 7349, SPOCK3 8103544 305 NM_016950 595 3468, 4487, 4491, 4493,4496, 4500, 4505, +2.54 4506, 4522, 2959, 3354, 2879, 3351, 3951, 3952,7390, 8151, 7745, 8674, 7862, 8555, 8291, 8542, 7775, 8670, 8212, 7911,5944, 8680, 8411, 8508, 6200, 8249, 7909, 8528, 8673, 7951, 8415, 8750,7722, SERPINI1 8083779 306 NM_005025 596 4280, 4350, 4351, 7428, 8534,7747, 5615, +2.54 7839, 7903, ACSL1 8103951 307 NM_001995 597 2601,4521, 2572, 4269, 4707, 4709, 3264, +2.52 3180, 3549, 8277, 8532, 8386,8421, 8369, 8009, 8062, 6545, 8440, 5566, 8524, 7826, 7554, GATM 7988414308 NM_001482 598 3346, 4123, 6982, +2.52 EHHADH 8092523 309NM_001166415 599 3206, 4927, 4926, 5368, 8762, +2.52 NUDT4 7957536 310NM_199040 600 3968, 3967, +2.50 CST1 8065412 311 NM_001898 601 3369,3033, 5734, 6511, +2.50 GLUD2 8169711 312 NM_012084 602 2899, 3400,5864, +2.47 NPL 7908003 313 NM_030769 603 3446, 5244, 8301, 8566, 7329,6079, 6297, +2.47 6185, 6208, 6540, 5453, 5873, 5974, 6575, ZNF702P8039025 314 NR_003578 604 3075, 4190, 5550, +2.45 TRY6 8136801 315NM_002770 605 3326, 3327, 4043, 4044, 3896, 4082, 2633, +2.45 3056,4031, 3057, 4349, 5199, 5294, 5200, 4875, 7372, 5743, 6222, 8379, SPOCK18114287 316 NM_004598 606 2804, 3903, 8553, 8505, 6817, 7957, 5469,+2.41 8014, 7754, AGL 7903239 317 NM_000028 607 2687, 4063, 4068, 4064,4066, 4065, 4067, +2.40 6243, 5987, 6127, 5817, 5995, 5972, 8735, 6008,TFF1 8070579 318 NM_003225 608 2552, 3668, 5847, +2.39 DGKK 8172670 319NM_001013742 609 3778, 5274, 6444, +2.37 SALL1 8001387 320 NM_001127892610 4497, 4411, 4078, 6646, 5432, 7163, +2.36 MANEA 8121144 321NM_024641 611 4179, 5290, 6156, 5952, 8006, +2.35 KIT 8095110 322NM_000222 612 3646, 4153, 4152, 5648, 8162, +2.35 KRT19 8015349 323NM_002276 613 3524, 4126, 7422, 8625, 5885, 6794, 6946, +2.35 TNNC18087925 324 NM_003280 614 3054, 4613, 5365, 7708, +2.35 SEPP1 8111915325 NM_001093726 615 3112, 3121, 2969, 3211, 3248, 3487, 4155, +2.334154, 3820, 8621, 7799, 8519, 8258, 7809, 8140, 7833, 8546, 8284, 8435,8309, 7973, 7743, 7917, 8097, ST8SIA4 8113358 326 NM_005668 616 3302,4599, 3244, 7055, 7738, 5386, +2.32 YPEL2 8008819 327 NM_001005404 6173716, 3768, 5719, +2.32 ANKMY2 8138370 328 NM_020319 618 3159, 5132,7035, 7445, 7172, 5729, +2.31 DNAJC15 7968872 329 NM_013238 619 3842,3846, 7013, 8073, +2.31 RNF128 8169174 330 NM_024539 620 3527, 3478,3479, 5441, 5712, 6719, +2.31 PTPN13 8096176 331 NM_006264 621 2621,4579, 4580, 4581, 4582, 6886, 7770, +2.31 7790, 7383, 8720, 7840, 6014,5863, 7589, F10 7970241 332 NM_000504 622 2567, 2573, 3210, 3246, 4308,4309, 3935, +2.30 7894, 6670, 7728, 6624, 7953, 7352, 6493, SAMD38129482 333 NM_001017373 623 3098, 4120, 4122, 7473, 7107, 6192, 5825,+2.30 7041, 6688, GCNT1 8155930 334 NM_001490 624 2578, 4156, 4157,4158, 4159, 4160, 8460, +2.29 6349, 8001, 7226, 6641, IPP 7915775 335NM_016486 625 2772, 4084, 4775, 4774, 7978, 7647, 6202, +2.28 6163,PROS1 8089015 336 NM_000313 626 2597, 4770, 6690, 8232, +2.27 SV2B7986195 337 NM_001167580 627 3448, 4936, 4935, 5668, 6488, +2.26 PLOD28091283 338 NM_182943 628 3144, 3823, 3824, 7950, 7025, 6032, 8398,+2.24 5670, 7845, MAGEH1 8167887 339 NM_014061 629 2950, 3007, 6141,+2.24 CHST9 8022666 340 NM_031422 630 3460, 4937, 5865, +2.23 ZNF518B8099364 341 NM_053042 631 3218, 3781, 5718, 8226, 8286, 7880, 7968,+2.23 TMEM106C 7955063 342 NM_024056 632 3447, 4690, 4693, 4691, 4692,5419, 6591, +2.22 7332, SERHL2 8073596 343 NM_014509 633 3645, 4046,4023, 4076, 4075, 4492, 4499, +2.20 3203, 7885, 6148, 6161, 6501, 7434,5747, 5575, NTN4 7965573 344 NM_021229 634 2846, 3957, 6056, 5886, +2.20SOX17 8146462 345 NM_022454 635 3009, 4141, 5778, +2.20 FRRS1 7917954346 NM_001013660 636 3386, 4150, 5573, 8650, 7934, 6212, 6764, +2.20OTX2 7979357 347 NM_021728 637 3073, 3223, 3224, 6604, 6242, +2.19RNASEL 7922707 348 NM_021133 638 3790, 5239, 6286, 6523, +2.19 ELMOD28097529 349 NM_153702 639 3416, 5196, 8425, 7800, 5802, 8102, 8387,+2.18 8257, 8391, MYCT1 8122860 350 NM_025107 640 3129, 4215, 6145,+2.17 PAX6 7947338 351 NM_000280 641 3805, 4400, 4401, 4402, 6733, 7304,6876, +2.16 7135, 7188, 7299, 6953, 7333, 7281, 8690, 7478, 7234, 8432,7017, 6745, 7558, 5383, MGST2 8097513 352 NM_002413 642 3025, 5261,8016, 7820, 8094, 5528, 8127, +2.15 BBS5 8046147 353 NM_152384 643 3608,3739, 8230, 6450, 7499, 7824, 5869, +2.14 6872, MTSS1 8152764 354NM_014751 644 2790, 4171, 7149, 7038, 8535, 8296, 7813, +2.13 8241,8289, 8581, 5899, VTN 8013606 355 NM_000638 645 2897, 3932, 5348, +2.13WBP5 8169022 356 NM_001006613 646 3375, 3752, 3755, 3753, 3751, 6158,6146, +2.12 DUB4 8094134 357 AY533200 647 3572, 3865, 4780, 7780, 7776,8514, 8351, +2.12 CCDC92 7967486 358 NM_025140 648 3339, 2893, 5390,+2.12 BTG2 7908917 359 NM_006763 649 2680, 3257, 8005, 5749, +2.12LPGAT1 7924107 360 NM_014873 650 3152, 4614, 7821, 6002, 6174, +2.11 FN18058765 361 NM_054034 651 3732, 3409, 3983, 4677, 4679, 3284, 3310,+2.11 3403, 3404, 3405, 3406, 4727, 3110, 4551, 4571, 4572, 4576, 3822,3494, 2852, 3620, 3621, 3622, 3623, 3624, 3625, 5996, 7280, 7649, 6915,8364, 8529, 6768, 7398, 5846, 6424, 8736, 8430, 7036, 5993, 8153, 8487,6324, 6771, 6223, 6205, 5539, 6620, 6121, 6206, 8147, 5687, TBX3 7966690362 NM_016569 652 3024, 3627, 3626, 6215, 5414, 6072, +2.11 PLCE17929388 363 NM_016341 653 4217, 4071, 4918, 6138, 5440, 6045, 6266,+2.11 KRT19P2 7957608 364 NM_002276 654 4928, 4126, 5201, 5885, 6917,+2.10 IFI16 7906400 365 NM_005531 655 3138, 2735, 2792, 2582, 3114,4519, 2986, +2.10 4028, 5903, 7297, 7065, 5990, 6176, 8454, 7984, 8195,7186, 7588, 5913, 5739, PORCN 8167287 366 NM_203473 656 2854, 2855,2856, 2857, 4728, 2616, 4468, +2.09 2979, 2983, 3366, 3574, 3575, 3573,3576, 5975, 8479, 5883, 6961, 5689, 8317, 8547, 6074, 7887, 5982, 7832,6053, 6535, PRSS1 8136795 367 NM_002769 657 4044, 4083, 5224, 7372,8647, 5627, 7412, +2.09 7969, MYL7 8139307 368 NM_021223 658 3043, 3698,7148, 5334, 7843, 7318, 7526, +2.08 DUSP4 8150076 369 NM_001394 6592649, 5265, 5266, 5393, +2.06 PROS1 8089011 370 NM_000313 660 2597,4770, 6690, +2.06 ANKRD20B 8020349 371 ENST00000400842 661 0 +2.05 CTSL28162652 372 NM_001333 662 3462, 5253, 8071, 5450, +2.05 FMO5 7919314 373NM_001461 663 3169, 4740, 4742, 4741, 5452, 5926, 6568, +2.05 7792,6924, USP27X 8167601 374 NM_001145073 664 4754, +2.04 LAMA1 8022176 375NM_005559 665 4685, 5278, 8564, 7980, 8761, 6083, +2.04 7657, ADAM288145293 376 NM_014265 666 4384, 3969, 3970, 7848, 8743, 8310, 7519,+2.03 7029, 7897, 7794, 7884, 5486, 8614, ZNF611 8038981 377 NM_030972667 3136, 4861, 4862, 4863, 4864, 5722, +2.03 ANKRD20B 7970381 378AK057820 668 2984, 4169, 6891, 6432, 6336, 7704, 6356, +2.02 7272, 7347,ZNF137 8030954 379 U09414 669 2628, 4364, +2.02 S100Z 8106411 380NM_130772 670 3017, 4191, 8752, 5748, +2.01 GPSM2 7903565 381 NM_013296671 3143, 4876, 3650, 2672, 4515, 3370, 4289, +2.01 7669, 5503, 6737,6476, 6581, 7296, 6065, 7166, 5954, 5917, 5991, TGFB2 7909789 382NM_003238 672 2610, 5188, 5189, 7936, 5882, 8554, 5876, +2.00 ARHGAP288019964 383 NM_001010000 673 2803, 5198, 5415, 6442, 5664, 6551, 7534,+2.00 7585, Table 3. Provided are the description of the non-membranalgenes along with the sequence identifiers of the Affymetrix probes, thetarget sequence identified by the Affymetrix probe, and the mRNAsequences represented by the target sequences. Also shown are the log 2fold change in expression levels of the indicated genes between theSOX17 GFP cells and the genetically unmodified HESCs. The (+) or (−)sign means that the genes are upregulated or downregulated,respectively, in the SOX17-GFP cells as compared to the geneticallyunmodified HESCs.

TABLE 4 Non-membranal genes which are down-regulated in SOX17+ cells ascompared to genetically un-modified ESCs Affy. target SEQ ID NO: Log 2fold Gene Probe nucl. SEQ Rep. (Of Rep. Polyn. SEQ ID NOs: change SymbolSet ID ID NO: Public ID Public ID) rep. by target [SOX17-HESC] ZFP428098690 384 NM_174900 674 3498, 3937, 5793, 8300, −5.87 THUMPD3 8077513385 NM_015453 675 2882, 2944, 4333, 4334, 6458, 6573, 7246, 8510, −4.506238, 6855, 6555, 8394, 7095, 6527, ANXA1 8155849 386 NM_000700 6763181, 2757, 6327, 5394, 7974, 6460, 7578, 7227, −4.42 8129, 8580, SPP18096301 387 NM_001040058 677 4706, 3942, 3501, 3944, 8278, 7992, 5370,6716, −4.21 8452, 8651, 6109, 6075, 7831, 7801, PRDM14 8151240 388NM_024504 678 2858, 3552, 5534, −4.18 GNA14 8161892 389 NM_004297 6792753, 4750, 6030, 7575, −4.16 EDIL3 8112980 390 NM_005711 680 2720,3295, 8700, 8201, 7504, 5630, −4.05 CXCL12 7933194 391 NM_199168 6812665, 5012, 5013, 5117, 5003, 6588, 8491, 7914, −3.84 6051, 6656, 6859,PSMD5 8163795 392 NM_005047 682 4517, 4254, 2800, 2963, 3212, 8729,8252, 5958, −3.78 6078, 8378, 5320, 5967, PRRX1 7907222 393 NM_022716683 4004, 3771, 3772, 5361, 6117, 8431, 7764, 8243, −3.77 8582, NANOG7953675 394 NM_024865 684 3571, 3299, 4206, 5371, −3.72 TRIM22 7938035395 NM_006074 685 2821, 2822, 2823, 4283, 4533, 4544, 4481, 3016, −3.563162, 4213, 4312, 4320, 4326, 5229, 7088, 6634, 6762, 8083, 6459, 8567,6533, 6911, 6474, 7269, 7353, NANOG 7987365 396 NM_024865 686 3571,3299, 4206, 5371, −3.53 RASGRF2 8106660 397 NM_006909 687 4058, 5302,8643, 5518, 8502, 8537, 8352, −3.52 POU5F1B 8148315 398 NM_001159542 6885084, 4815, 6578, 6639, −3.50 POLR3G 8106820 399 NM_006467 689 4507,4049, 6583, 8418, −3.44 HHLA1 8152938 400 NM_001145095 690 2750, 4755,7527, 8041, −3.36 POU5F1 8124889 401 NM_203289 691 2865, 2866, 2867,2868, 3988, 3986, 4587, 5026, −3.36 5027, 5028, 5029, 5030, 5031, 5032,5033, 5034, 5035, 5036, 5037, 5038, 5039, 5040, 5041, 5042, 5043, 5044,5045, 5046, 5047, 5048, 5049, 5050, 5051, 5052, 5053, 5054, 5055, 5056,5057, 5058, 5059, 5060, 5061, 5062, 5063, 5064, 5065, 5066, 5067, 5068,5069, 5070, 5071, 5072, 5073, 5074, 5075, 5076, 5077, 5078, 5079, 5080,5081, 5082, 5083, 5084, 5085, 5086, 5087, 5088, 5089, 5090, 5091, 5092,5093, 5094, 5095, 5096, 5097, 5098, 5099, 5100, 5101, 5102, 5103, 5104,4227, 4228, 4229, 4230, 4231, 3958, 3959, 4369, 5016, 5017, 4052, 5175,5179, 8740, 7043, 6463, 8204, 6434, 6854, 6431, 8068, 6882, 7219, 7760,8266, 8247, 6495, 7073, 7834, 7275, 7155, 8483, 6801, 7986, 6354, 8509,6963, 7415, 7877, 6325, 7358, 5405, 7117, 6852, 8575, 6970, 7641, 7552,VSNL1 8040430 402 NM_003385 692 3384, 3838, 6777, 6629, 8659, 5837,6389, 6436, −3.33 SCG3 7983718 403 NM_001165257 693 3014, 4909, 4908,5333, −3.33 B3GALT1 8046078 404 NM_020981 694 2763, 5191, 6587, 5756,−3.28 LECT1 7971838 405 NM_007015 695 3028, 3784, 3785, 7153, 6673,−3.25 NTS 7957458 406 NM_006183 696 2948, 5242, 5429, −3.19 MBNL18083429 407 NM_021038 697 3270, 3597, 3598, 3599, 3600, 3601, 3602,3603, −3.18 6944, 7767, 5777, 8388, 7338, 5574, 7958, 5685, 5890, 6259,8038, 5830, CKMT1A 7983239 408 NM_020990 698 4017, 4725, 3845, 3844,5618, 8459, 7658, 6700, −3.18 6805, 7001, 6390, 7746, 7418, 6964, 8012,7084, 7264, 7777, 8717, 7315, 6930, 7503, 6473, 7092, 7417, 7902, 7582,NECAB1 8147244 409 NM_022351 699 3290, 4737, 6800, 7785, 7823, 8669,7989, 8696, −3.14 FGF2 8097256 410 NM_198041 700 2576, 5304, 4197, 5305,5478, 5980, 5822, −3.12 SFRP2 8103254 411 NM_003013 701 2933, 3724,5471, −3.07 DCLK1 7970954 412 NM_004734 702 4221, 5192, 5193, 5194,5195, 5448, 7317, 6024, −3.07 6492, 7076, DACT1 7974689 413 NM_016651703 2815, 4080, 4079, −3.06 CRABP1 7985159 414 NM_004378 704 3015, 4439,5645, −3.02 TFAP2C 8063536 415 NM_003222 705 3168, 3531, 5324, −3.01SCGB3A2 8108995 416 NM_054023 706 3022, 4995, 8754, 8215, 5614, −2.89LRAT 8097920 417 NM_004744 707 3566, 3595, 8748, 8069, 7763, 8070, 5620,−2.88 CUZD1 7936798 418 NM_022034 708 3275, 5260, 6276, 6229, 6120,6165, 6557, 6134, −2.86 GLB1L3 7945296 419 NM_001080407 709 3430, 4288,6702, 8356, 8044, 7094, 7185, 6706, −2.86 METTL7A 7955441 420 NM_014033710 3523, 3936, 5745, 6365, −2.85 VAT1L 7997336 421 NM_020927 711 3166,3189, 5813, −2.81 COL12A1 8127563 422 NM_080645 712 4761, 3954, 3953,5758, 6009, 7798, 8346, 8170, −2.80 5484, 6823, OLFML3 7904158 423NM_020190 713 3467, 3697, 6147, 5677, 8035, 6986, −2.78 SOX2 8084165 424NM_003106 714 3338, 5264, 5632, −2.76 USP44 7965565 425 NM_032147 7153062, 3978, 3979, 6775, 5436, −2.72 HIST1H4F 8117422 426 NM_003540 7163825, 3059, 7626, −2.70 KGFLP1 8067839 427 NM_002009 717 3477, 2587,4695, 4203, 5525, 7263, −2.69 CPT1A 7949971 428 NM_001876 718 2870,4398, 4399, 7075, 5473, −2.69 DBC1 8163716 429 NM_014618 719 2726, 4469,4474, 3012, 3546, 3649, 4164, 6292, −2.64 6191, 5480, CHAC1 7982868 430NM_024111 720 3003, 4671, 4672, 7389, 6822, 8727, −2.63 CAV1 8135594 431NM_001753 721 4248, 4999, 5000, 5001, 5002, 6085, 6753, 8406, −2.63 MT1G8001531 432 NM_005950 722 3006, 2840, 6392, 7114, 7170, 6815, −2.63 NFIX8026139 433 NM_002501 723 4021, 4022, 3743, 3307, 2629, 2644, 2645,4501, −2.62 4543, 4907, 3764, 5981, 6837, 5556, 6879, 5925, FERMT18064904 434 NM_017671 724 3567, 4061, 7556, 7678, 8349, 5970, 5336,−2.59 GLIPR1 7957260 435 NM_007043 725 2953, 3451, 4074, 4007, 6328,5493, 5382, −2.59 TOX 8150962 436 NM_014729 726 2740, 3709, 6856, 6017,−2.58 SNRPN // 7981960 437 NR_003321 727 4118, −2.57 SNORD116-6 HEY28121850 438 NM_012259 728 4276, 3975, 5989, 6023, −2.57 TIMP4 8085360439 NM_003256 729 2945, 5251, 5824, −2.56 IDO1 8146092 440 NM_002164 7302584, 5259, 5421, 8523, 8757, 8169, 8149, 8114, −2.53 8319, 7915, 8778,MT2A 7995783 441 NM_005953 731 2919, 4617, 5366, −2.52 NR5A2 7908597 442NM_003822 732 2737, 3582, 3583, 6058, 5356, 8618, 7477, 6293, −2.525367, UPRT 8168438 443 NM_145052 733 3674, 4272, 2966, 4297, 4940, 4941,7089, 8335, −2.50 6323, 6105, 6157, MYC 8148317 444 NM_002467 734 2869,4851, 6776, 7274, −2.48 CCDC109B 8096808 445 NM_032992 735 3120, 3873,3874, 4445, 8500, 7859, 7100, 6201, −2.48 GAL 7942064 446 NM_015973 7363055, 3933, 5477, −2.47 ZNF483 8157193 447 NM_133464 737 4219, 4428,4429, 7118, 6162, 5698, −2.45 RND3 8055688 448 NM_005168 738 3040, 3678,3679, 3283, 3713, 4557, 4566, 2954, −2.45 4291, 4318, 4304, 3770, 7689,7080, 7920, 6797, 7108, 7603, 8181, 5569, 8123, BNC2 8160260 449NM_017637 739 3551, 4555, 3100, 4545, 4032, 4033, 4034, 4035, −2.454036, 4037, 2799, 3963, 6528, 6375, 7529, 7058, 6914, 7266, 7235, 7564,8608, 7382, 8765, COL3A1 8046922 450 NM_000090 740 3042, 4000, 7681,5702, 7724, 5577, −2.42 LUM 7965403 451 NM_002345 741 2920, 3798, 5519,−2.42 LDB2 8099524 452 NM_001290 742 2733, 4590, 4591, 8679, 8166, 7837,8661, 8298, −2.41 5669, 8605, 7719, 7814, 8032, 8473, 7455, 8734, MT1E7995797 453 NM_175617 743 3381, 3905, 5861, 5789, −2.40 SNRPN // 7981994454 NR_003337 744 4131, −2.37 SNORD116-23 SNRPN // 7982002 455 NR_003341745 4127, −2.37 SNORD116-27 GALNT3 8056408 456 NM_004482 746 3996, 3990,3410, 3332, 4301, 4196, 6671, 7016, −2.36 6517, 7277, 7565, 6510, 6479,6804, 6507, PIPOX 8006005 457 NM_016518 747 3342, 3789, 7690, 7748,5638, 6426, 6464, −2.35 PDK1 8046408 458 NM_002610 748 3198, 3485, 7350,7468, 6847, 5563, 6903, −2.34 PREX2 8146794 459 NM_024870 749 3640,3643, 3644, 6885, 8788, 6153, 5651, −2.33 CYP2S1 8028991 460 NM_030622750 3461, 3715, 5647, 5708, −2.33 NRK 8169115 461 NM_198465 751 3311,4081, 5354, −2.33 VAV3 7918157 462 NM_006113 752 2741, 4095, 4094, 8118,7879, 6112, 7502, 5897, −2.32 6080, 6942, TNFAIP6 8045688 463 NM_007115753 3052, 5234, 5352, 6810, −2.29 ENPP1 8122099 464 NM_006208 754 3492,4353, 5924, 6245, 8263, 8565, 7205, −2.27 ADD2 8052882 465 NM_001617 7553312, 2549, 4252, 4541, 3221, 3555, 5136, 5137, −2.26 5138, 5139, 5140,7591, 8079, 5513, 5527, 8334, 8155, 6282, 7652, 6883, 7881, 7694, 6520,6309, 7614, 7098, SNRPN // 7981996 466 NR_003338 756 4129, −2.25SNORD116-24 SNRPN // 7981947 467 NR_001289 757 3262, 3274, −2.25SNORD109A STC2 8115851 468 NM_003714 758 3356, 3794, 8437, 5481, −2.22SNORA22 8133106 469 NR_002961 759 3945, −2.22 MPPED2 7947274 470NM_001584 760 2671, 4776, 4777, 6358, 6060, −2.21 ZNF562 8033801 471NM_001130031 761 4039, 4450, 4451, 4452, 6833, 5584, 6691, −2.20 GAP438081810 472 NM_002045 762 2575, 4459, 4460, 5773, −2.20 FOXB1 7984011473 NM_012182 763 4249, 3974, 6779, −2.19 TSHZ3 8035896 474 NM_020856764 4257, 4125, 5381, −2.18 HPGD 8103769 475 NM_000860 765 2662, 2663,2690, 4708, 4570, 4471, 4475, 3508, −2.17 3534, 4794, 4795, 4796, 7891,7937, 8399, 8639, 8591, 5581, 7846, 5659, 8577, 7975, 6419, 7812,ZDHHC22 7980344 476 NM_174976 766 4047, 4139, 5735, −2.17 ACOXL 8044353477 NM_001142807 767 4470, 4673, 6005, 7357, 6866, 6663, 6681, −2.17GLI3 8139212 478 NM_000168 768 3991, 3982, 2577, 4553, 3392, 4592, 6480,7171, −2.16 6577, 6439, 8751, 6708, CDCA7L 8138489 479 NM_018719 7693585, 4801, 4802, 4803, 7510, 6116, 7011, 6541, −2.14 6183, 8558,ZSCAN10 7998921 480 NM_032805 770 3149, 2932, 5400, −2.13 GFPT2 8116418481 NM_005110 771 2751, 4135, 8471, 5407, 8222, 8775, 7999, −2.13 PLP28167449 482 NM_002668 772 2555, 4965, 7651, 6875, 7509, −2.13 HIST1H1A8124380 483 NM_005325 773 3881, 4053, 5377, −2.12 CAMKV 8087530 484NM_024046 774 3407, 4516, 4542, 4547, 4568, 3355, 2883, 3337, −2.123368, 3000, 3165, 3910, 8007, 8299, 6547, 8504, 8573, 8756, 8739, 7861,8075, 7731, 6769, 7182, 8603, 8099, 7254, 5602, HERC5 8096361 485NM_016323 775 3489, 4008, 8649, 5458, 8138, 8244, −2.12 MT1X 7995838 486NM_005952 776 3371, 4455, 6391, −2.12 TERF1 8102789 487 NM_003218 1112691, 4416, 4417, 6010, 5544, 5494, −2.12 RAB31 8020110 488 NM_006868778 2829, 4352, 5595, 6339, −2.12 SNRPN // 7981974 489 NR_003328 7794128, −2.10 SNORD116-13 ETV1 8138289 490 NM_004956 780 3858, 3887, 3888,4724, 2640, 2658, 4696, 4698, −2.10 4701, 4715, 3245, 4328, 4314, 4877,4878, 4879, 4880, 4881, 4882, 4883, 6616, 7632, 7308, 7476, 7190, 7710,7373, 7697, 7749, 8199, 6672, 6566, 5364, 6410, 7966, 7584, 8722, 7292,7655, 6209, 7888, 8053, 8570, 6394, MT1G 8162531 491 ENST00000396160 7817570, −2.10 ACTA1 7924910 492 NM_001100 782 3288, 3669, 3677, 4719,2955, 3612, 5805, 6231, −2.10 5889, 6187, 6159, SNRPN // 7981988 493AF241255 783 2839, 4130, −2.10 SNORD116-20 NFIB 8160138 494 NM_005596784 3285, 2688, 2685, 4244, 4562, 2874, 3417, 5146, −2.09 5145, 5147,7613, 7638, 6784, 7684, 7327, 6514, 7007, 8444, 7463, ZEB2 8055624 495NM_014795 785 3737, 3738, 4072, 4073, 4702, 2907, 3889, 3164, −2.083616, 3504, 4311, 4982, 4983, 4984, 7620, 7739, 7312, 6428, 7804, 5578,7411, 7695, 7432, 6411, 6906, 7751, 8052, 7712, 6862, 6562, 7983, 7245,7643, 6372, 7130, 7002, 6978, 7523, CBR1 8068401 496 NM_001757 786 3890,3754, 7622, 5848, −2.08 ATXN7L1 8142087 497 NM_138495 787 4574, 4661,4286, 7346, 7677, 7827, −2.07 SNRPN // 7981949 498 NR_003316 788 4117,−2.06 SNORD116-1 MT1F 7995825 499 NM_005949 789 3051, 4447, 5801, 6580,−2.06 SNRPN // 7982006 500 NR_003360 790 4121, −2.06 SNORD116-29 AP1M28034084 501 NM_005498 791 2896, 4739, 5398, −2.05 ACTG2 8042788 502NM_001615 792 2956, 3832, 6377, 7341, 6703, 6599, 7930, 5891, −2.05CYP2B6 8028963 503 NM_000767 793 2569, 3046, 5598, 5779, −2.05 SERPINE18135069 504 NM_000602 794 2947, 4910, 4911, 5338, −2.03 GRHL2 8147697505 NM_024915 795 4098, 4097, 4270, 4529, 3637, 3606, 3638, 4299, −2.034354, 5422, 7907, 7656, 8209, 8281, 7516, SLIT2 8094301 506 NM_004787796 2748, 2765, 3985, 4678, 3436, 2744, 2767, 8366, −2.03 7786, 6676,7740, 5522, 8033, 7772, 7956, 8641, 8725, PIM2 8172471 507 NM_006875 7972994, 4637, 7671, 8024, 6884, −2.02 SMARCA2 8154059 508 NM_139045 7982631, 2619, 3109, 4525, 4559, 4564, 4569, 3205, −2.02 4322, 3654, 3655,7236, 8645, 6437, 7334, 7214, 5617, 7026, 6958, 5795, 5880, 7544, 7653,6932, 6870, 6536, 7608, 5988, 7032, RPPH1 7977507 509 NR_002312 7993839, −2.01 Table 4. Provided are the description of the non-membranalgenes along with the sequence identifiers of the Affymetrix probes, thetarget sequence identified by the Affymetrix probe, and the mRNAsequences represented by the target sequences. Also shown are the log 2fold change in expression levels of the indicated genes between theSOX17 GFP cells and the genetically unmodified HESCs. The (+) or (−)sign means that the genes are upregulated or downregulated,respectively, in the SOX17-GFP cells as compared to the geneticallyunmodified HESCs.

Example 2 Generation of a Pdx1-Gfp Bac Construct and Isolation ofPDX1-Expressing Escs

Experimental Results

BAC Transgenesis of PDX1-GFP Reporter BAC

An important gene in the commitment of definitive endoderm cells towardspancreas is PDX1. Thus, a fluorescent reporter construct was built tostudy precursor cells at this later stage of the differentiationprocess. The present inventors generated PDX1-reporter constructs inwhich the coding sequence of the PDX1 gene was replaced by the codingsequence of the EGFP gene together with a floxed Neo gene, as follows.

Preparation of PDX1 ATG-GFP-Knockin Construct:

EGFP and floxed neo was knocked into the PDX1 gene locus in BAC BACRP11-322P28 by replacing the coding sequence of PDX1 (ATG to TGA) withthe coding sequence of GFP and the floxed neomycin resistance gene.FIGS. 3A-B schematically illustrate the structure of the recombinant BACRP11-322P28 PDX1-GFP construct (SEQ ID NO:15), which includes the PDX1upstream regulatory sequence (SEQ ID NO:16, about 8.7 kb), the GFPcoding sequence (SEQ ID NO:2) followed by the SV40 polyA sequence (SEQID NO:27), a loxP site (SEQ ID NO:4), the neomycin resistance genesequence (SEQ ID NO:3) with the SV40 early promoter/enhancer (SEQ IDNO:28), and the TK polyadenylation site (SEQ ID NO:29), a second loxPsite (SEQ ID NO:4), the PDX1 downstream regulatory sequence (SEQ IDNO:17, about 19.5 kb).

Preparation of PDX1 ATG-GFP-Knockin Plasmid Construct:

Part of the BAC PDX1-GFP construct (SEQ ID NO:15) was subcloned into theBluescript plasmid (Stratagene) to generate the recombinant PDX1-GFPplasmid construct (SEQ ID NO:18) as follows. FIG. 3C schematicallyillustrates the structure of the recombinant plasmid PDX1-GFP construct(SEQ ID NO:18), which includes the 5′-arm (SEQ ID NO:19), the GFP codingsequence (SEQ ID NO:2) followed by the SV40 polyA sequence (SEQ IDNO:27), a loxP site (SEQ ID NO:4), the neomycin resistance gene sequence(SEQ ID NO:3) with the SV40 early promoter/enhancer (SEQ ID NO:28), andthe TK polyadenylation site (SEQ ID NO:29), a second loxP site (SEQ IDNO:4), and a 3′-arm (SEQ ID NO:20).

A 3′-external probe was prepared (SEQ ID NO:21) in order to detectcorrect targeting of the vector into the genomic DNA of the host cell.

Preparation of PSC1x: PDX1 IRES-GFP-Knockin Plasmid Construct

IRES-eGFP and floxed neo was knocked into the 3′ UTR of the PDX1 gene.FIG. 3D schematically illustrates the structure of the recombinantplasmid construct (SEQ ID NO:22), which includes the 5′-arm (SEQ IDNO:23) which includes the PDX1 exons, the PDX1 5′-UTR (5′-untranslatedregion), the 3′-UTR, an IRES sequence (SEQ ID NO:25), the GFP codingsequence (SEQ ID NO:2) followed by the SV40 polyA sequence (SEQ IDNO:27), a loxP site (SEQ ID NO:4), the neomycin resistance gene sequence(SEQ ID NO:3) with the SV40 early promoter/enhancer (SEQ ID NO:28), andthe TK polyadenylation site (SEQ ID NO:29), a second loxP site (SEQ IDNO:4), and a 3′-arm (SEQ ID NO:24).

A 3′-external probe was prepared (SEQ ID NO:26) in order to detectcorrect targeting of the vector into the genomic DNA of the host cell.

Preparation of PDX1 ATG-mCherry-Knockin BAC

mCherry and a floxed neo was knocked into the PDX1 gene locus in BACRP11-322P28. FIG. 3D schematically illustrates the structure of therecombinant BAC construct (SEQ ID NO:30), which includes the 5′-arm (SEQID NO: 31) which includes PDX1 upstream regulatory sequence, the mCherrycoding sequence (SEQ ID NO:33) followed by the SV40 polyA sequence (SEQID NO:27), a loxP site (SEQ ID NO:4), the neomycin resistance genesequence (SEQ ID NO:3) with the SV40 early promoter/enhancer (SEQ IDNO:28), and the TK polyadenylation site (SEQ ID NO:29), a second loxPsite (SEQ ID NO:4), and a 3′-arm (SEQ ID NO:32).

Transfection of the Recombinant Construct of Some Embodiments of theInvention into Human ESCs

Various hESC clones harbouring the PDX1 GFP reporter BAC (SEQ ID NO:15)were isolated and were allowed to differentiate by forming EBs. At day14, the EBs were dissociated into single cells and were analysed byFACS. The number of GFP+ cells in the different clones varied from about0.5% to about 3% (FIG. 4C). 14 day-old EBs from a reporter clone wereseen to contain clusters of GFP⁺ cells. The EBs were dissociated intosingle cells and were put onto cover slips using the cytospin, fixed andimmunostained for PDX1. The cells clearly co-expressed PDX1 and GFPdemonstrating that the GFP⁺ population indeed represent PDX1 positivecells (FIG. 4D).

Next, the PDX1⁺ cells were sorted by FACS and RNA was extracted from theGFP⁺ and GFP⁻ populations. RT-qPCR was performed to compare expressionof various markers in the two different cell populations. As can be seenin FIG. 4E, PDX1 and other pancreatic differentiation markers wereenriched in the GFP⁺ population. Some of the enriched genes includeNGN3, paired box 4 (PAX4), hepatocyte nuclear factor 6 (HNF6) andhomeobox gene HB9 (HLXB9)). These results further validate the identityof the PDX+ population as pancreatic progenitor cells.

TABLE 5 Membranal genes which are upregulated in PDX1 cells as comparedto genetically un-modified ESCs Affy. target SEQ ID NO: Log 2 fold Probenucl. SEQ Rep. (Of Rep. Polyn. SEQ ID NOs: Gene change Set ID ID NO:Public ID Public ID) rep. by target Symbol [PDX1-HESC] 8035304 510NM_004335 800 3090, 2805, 5403, 7124, BST2 3.99 7989073 511 NM_173814801 3710, 4778, 6379, PRTG 3.28 8056611 512 NM_004525 802 2684, 4119,5456, 8262, LRP2 2.83 8031076 513 NM_031896 803 3827, 5226, 7212, 5339,CACNG7 2.71 7976783 514 NM_003836 804 4273, 4994, 6774, 5796, 6319, DLK12.66 8087691 515 NM_001174051 805 2721, 2711, 2712, 4220, 4298, 5019,3735, CACNA2D2 2.56 3736, 6362, 6812, 5540, 6239, 8681, 7132, 7985,7734, 6957, 7200, 7909390 516 NM_175710 806 3897, 4185, 8470, 6548,5851, CR1L 2.56 7994058 517 NM_001039 807 3481, 4177, 5784, SCNN1G 2.548169447 518 NM_000868 808 2609, 4287, 5920, 5564, 5986, HTR2C 2.447917276 519 NM_012152 809 2780, 4363, 7551, 8539, 6011, LPAR3 2.277920664 520 NM_007112 810 2652, 3541, 6070, 7928, 8701, 6699, 6720,THBS3 2.18 8067, 8010, 7294, 6846, 8051785 521 NM_133329 811 3647, 5227,5228, 5783, 7561, KCNG3 2.15 8018114 522 NM_001144952 812 2814, 4748,7774, 5765, 6851, 6326, SDK2 2.13 8178193 523 NM_019111 813 3652, 4537,2590, 2589, 4532, 4478, 4721, HLA-DRA 2.10 4482, 3074, 3666, 5174, 6840,8271, 7495, 7301, 6340, 7125, 7667, 6973, 6698, 6694, 7895, 6462, 7070,8427, 7321, 6682, 7906, 7421, 7648, 7487, 6525, 7930837 524 NM_003054814 3141, 5107, 7960, 5655, SLC18A2 2.09 8011713 525 NM_022059 815 2851,4210, 4211, 5728, CXCL16 1.96 7916584 526 NM_002353 816 2675, 4337,6094, TACSTD2 1.91 7975932 527 NM_020431 817 4392, 4432, 5791, TMEM63C1.85 8038367 528 NM_020309 818 3483, 4743, 5332, SLC17A7 1.83 8114415529 NM_001496 819 3167, 3584, 7363, 5508, GFRA3 1.83 Table 5: Providedare the description of the membranal genes along with the sequenceidentifiers of the Affymetrix probes, the target sequence identified bythe Affymetrix probe, and the mRNA sequences represented by the targetsequences. Also shown are the log 2 fold change in expression levels ofthe indicated genes between the PDX1-GFP cells and the geneticallyunmodified HESCs. The (+) or (−) sign means that the genes areupregulated or downregulated, respectively, in the PDX1-GFP cells ascompared to the genetically unmodified HESCs.

TABLE 6 Membranal genes which are downregulated in PDX1 cells ascompared to genetically un-modified ESCs Affy. target SEQ ID NO: Log 2fold Probe nucl. SEQ Rep. (Of Rep. Polyn. SEQ ID NOs: Gene change Set IDID NO: Public ID Public ID) rep. by target Symbol [PDX1-HESC] 8095364820 NM_014058 1411 3472, 4222, 5579, 8653, TMPRSS11E −3.58 8095380 821NM_014058 1412 3472, 4222, 5579, 8653, TMPRSS11E −3.60 7957140 822NM_003667 1413 2732, 3193, 6795, 5509, LGR5 −3.03 8101992 823NM_001135146 1414 2875, 4623, 4624, 3783, 4625, 7838, 6311, 8464,SLC39A8 −2.82 6341, 7047, 8091402 824 NM_001184723 1415 2962, 5118,5119, 5621, 7779, 6927, 6623, 8441, TM4SF18 −2.73 7936798 825 NM_0220341416 3275, 5260, 6276, 6229, 6120, 6165, 6557, 6134, CUZD1 −2.27 8175217826 NM_001448 1417 2738, 3072, 6154, GPC4 −2.20 8123246 827 NM_0219771418 3195, 5535, 7120, SLC22A3 −2.20 8055465 828 NM_001008540 1419 2782,3775, 3776, 5384, 6834, 7645, CXCR4 −2.19 8123739 829 NM_016588 14203230, 3454, 7755, 5387, NRN1 −2.16 7964745 830 NM_016056 1421 3443,2942, 4069, 7063, 6210, 5607, 7161, TMBIM4 −2.11 8130867 831 NM_0032471422 4184, 3540, 8063, 7661, 5992, 6904, THBS2 −2.05 8003298 832NM_003486 1423 2755, 3870, 5397, SLC7A5 −1.92 8172022 833 NM_031442 14243197, 4343, 5466, TMEM47 −1.90 Table 6: Provided are the description ofthe membranal genes along with the sequence identifiers of theAffymetrix probes, the target sequence identified by the Affymetrixprobe, and the mRNA sequences represented by the target sequences. Alsoshown are the log 2 fold change in expression levels of the indicatedgenes between the PDX1-GFP cells and the genetically unmodified HESCs.The (+) or (−) sign means that the genes are upregulated ordownregulated, respectively, in the PDX1-GFP cells as compared to thegenetically unmodified HESCs.

TABLE 7 Non-membranal genes which are upregulated in PDX1 cells ascompared to genetically un-modified ESCs Affy. target SEQ ID NO: Log 2fold Probe nucl. SEQ Rep. (Of Rep. Polyn. SEQ ID NOs: Gene change Set IDID NO: Public ID Public ID) rep. by target Symbol [PDX1-HESC] 8127522834 NM_001025290 1425 4388, 5232, 5916, DPPA5 5.21 8049128 835 NM_0313131426 2557, 4233, 5696, ALPPL2 5.18 7917037 836 NM_001889 1427 3420,2605, 3199, 3619, 4456, 4457, 4458, CRYZ 4.64 4612, 6114, 6052, 6863,6288, 6530, 6018, 8189, 7945680 837 NR_030533 1428 3526, 4930, 3779,6619, 7610, 6652, 6726, H19 4.26 6561, 7131, 6743, 7010, 6680, 6895,7340, 7012, 6491, 7901497 838 NM_001004339 1429 3328, 4808, 6317, 5872,ZYG11A 3.74 7902345 839 NM_001162916 1430 3648, 4873, 4874, 4872, 8405,6496, 6385, TYW3 3.33 8689, 7110, 8780, 6273, 7986350 840 NM_183376 14313385, 4436, 5479, ARRDC4 3.28 7904726 841 NM_006472 1432 2648, 4356,6092, 8025, 8646, 8023, TXNIP 3.08 7975779 842 NM_005252 1433 3348,4888, 5787, FOS 3.07 7959016 843 NR_027345 1434 4799, 4800, 7778, 8557,NCRNA00173 2.72 8071809 844 NM_000854 1435 2877, 3667, 4143, 4144, 5682,5316, GSTT2 2.63 8074962 845 NM_000854 1436 2877, 3667, 4143, 4144,5682, 5316, GSTT2 2.63 8033257 846 NM_000064 1437 4194, 4038, 7636,8397, 8664, 8376, 5358, C3 2.60 6890, 6959, 7466, 8745, 8120679 847NM_018665 1438 2820, 2957, 4749, 6125, 7145, 8551, 6076, DDX43 2.587983360 848 NM_004048 1439 3076, 3490, 6485, 6270, B2M 2.53 7949124 849NM_001164716 1440 2730, 4906, 4290, 8065, 5323, PYGM 2.47 8026424 850NM_173483 1441 3826, 4241, 5547, CYP4F22 2.46 8030944 851 NM_0010996941442 4546, 4201, ZNF578 2.44 7953532 852 NM_001975 1443 3363, 2973,5374, ENO2 2.44 7933092 853 NM_021045 1444 4114, 3320, 8456, 7285, 8408,7542, 7283, ZNF248 2.43 7447, 6137, 8031576 854 NM_134444 1445 3031,4444, 5611, 5951, NLRP4 2.39 7964246 855 NR_003046 1446 3964, SNORD59B2.34 7976812 856 NR_003232 1447 4042, SNORD113-4 2.34 7912347 857NM_001079843 1448 3894, 4091, 8716, 7616, CASZ1 2.28 8008885 858NR_029493 1449 3773, 4929, MIR21 2.27 7906400 859 NM_005531 1450 3138,2735, 2792, 2582, 3114, 4519, 2986, IFI16 2.24 4028, 5903, 7297, 7065,5990, 6176, 8454, 7984, 8195, 7186, 7588, 5913, 5739, 8033767 860NM_152476 1451 2982, 4116, 5683, ZNF560 2.22 7930631 861 NM_198795 14523518, 3513, 6133, 6452, 5445, 6004, 5919, TDRD1 2.22 8139820 862NM_178558 1453 3061, 4448, 4449, 8320, 6601, 8790, 5658, ZNF680 2.208118314 863 NM_005346 1454 2997, 3529, 4339, 4461, 7351, 7433, 6971,HSPA1B 2.15 6486, 6386, 6633, 6951, 7233, 6772, 7683, 6519, 6662,8118310 864 NM_005345 1455 4504, 3360, 4461, 6563, 7351, 6971, 6630,HSPA1A 2.14 7449, 7498, 6386, 6951, 6668, 6772, 7683, 7557, 6519,8108370 865 NM_001964 1456 2571, 3296, 5376, 7583, EGR1 2.09 7949104 866NM_001098670 1457 2786, 2787, 2742, 3987, 2749, 3104, 3106, RASGRP2 2.073428, 4186, 4187, 3200, 6996, 7253, 7251, 6422, 6110, 6605, 7167, 6721,6400, 7783, 7408, 7101, 6992, 8419, 6612, 7675, 7336, 6494, 7993, 7692,6747, 7413, 8177011 867 NM_004192 1458 3533, 5004, 5005, 5006, 7168,8058, 7484, ASMTL 2.06 7559, 6621, 7587, 8030448 868 NM_001136052 14593049, 5236, 5237, 7371, 6022, 7446, 5780, CPT1C 2.05 5691, 8024712 869NM_033064 1460 3258, 3101, 4560, 3035, 4405, 5929, 7505, ATCAY 2.055849, 7325, 8008321 870 NM_025149 1461 4485, 4216, 8568, 8657, 7865,8078, 8132, ACSF2 2.05 8703, 8080, 8098, 8518, 8485, 5631, 8002, 8231,8654, 8238, 8203, 8085, 7947512 871 NM_015430 1462 3786, 3701, 3702,6790, 5537, 6920, PAMR1 2.04 7963970 872 NM_006928 1463 3105, 5245,6941, 6287, SILV 2.03 7941662 873 NM_001104 1464 3432, 2761, 8043, 7856,8550, ACTN3 2.03 7919787 874 NM_032132 1465 3665, 3069, 3254, 3722,5240, 8304, 6029, HORMAD1 2.03 6113, 5998, 7030, 5874, 5867, 8731, 6466,5973, 7993756 875 NM_005622 1466 4281, 2813, 3634, 3635, 4670, 6949,5609, ACSM3 2.02 7003, 6291, 8018652 876 NM_052916 1467 4746, 5562,5570, 5845, RNF157 2.02 8066117 877 NM_015474 1468 3449, 5023, 3830,5349, 5541, 7106, 6100, SAMHD1 2.01 7968928 878 NM_002901 1469 3429,3373, 4745, 4663, 7615, 8433, 8540, RCN1 2.01 8791, 5816, 7507, 7679,7940, 5326, Table 7: Provided are the description of the non-membranalgenes along with the sequence identifiers of the Affymetrix probes, thetarget sequence identified by the Affymetrix probe, and the mRNAsequences represented by the target sequences. Also shown are the log 2fold change in expression levels of the indicated genes between thePDX1-GFP cells and the genetically unmodified HESCs. The (+) or (−) signmeans that the genes are upregulated or downregulated, respectively, inthe PDX1-GFP cells as compared to the genetically unmodified HESCs.

TABLE 8 Non-membranal genes which are down regulated in PDX1 cells ascompared to genetically un-modified ESCs Affymetrix target nucl. SEQ IDNO: Log 2 fold Probe sequence SEQ (Of Rep. Gene change Set ID ID NO:Rep. Public ID Public ID) Polyn. SEQ ID NOs: rep. by target Symbol[PDX1-HESC] 7957458 879 NM_006183 1470 2948, 5242, 5429, NTS −6.288160163 880 NM_005454 1471 3880, 3883, 6763, CER1 −5.61 8065412 881NM_001898 1472 3369, 3033, 5734, 6511, CST1 −5.17 7934156 882 NM_0180551473 3088, 4747, 7082, 5642, NODAL −4.21 7907222 883 NM_022716 14744004, 3771, 3772, 5361, 6117, 8431, 7764, PRRX1 −3.87 8243, 8582,8067839 884 NM_002009 1475 3477, 2587, 4695, 4203, 5525, 7263, KGFLP1−3.72 8160138 885 NM_005596 1476 3285, 2688, 2685, 4244, 4562, 2874,3417, NFIB −3.49 5146, 5145, 5147, 7613, 7638, 6784, 7684, 7327, 6514,7007, 8444, 7463, 8112668 886 NM_016591 1477 2806, 4600, 5633, GCNT4−3.42 7910134 887 NM_031944 1478 2853, 2923, 6314, MIXL1 −3.41 8135594888 NM_001753 1479 4248, 4999, 5000, 5001, 5002, 6085, 6753, CAV1 −3.378406, 7965403 889 NM_002345 1480 2920, 3798, 5519, LUM −3.36 8106660 890NM_006909 1481 4058, 5302, 8643, 5518, 8502, 8537, 8352, RASGRF2 −3.348111892 891 NM_000436 1482 2674, 4026, 8292, 5313, 8538, 8361, 8084,OXCT1 −3.25 7753, 7957260 892 NM_007043 1483 2953, 3451, 4074, 4007,6328, 5493, 5382, GLIPR1 −3.25 8040430 893 NM_003385 1484 3384, 3838,6777, 6629, 8659, 5837, 6389, VSNL1 −3.24 6436, 8105302 894 NM_0134091485 3343, 5282, 5281, 7924, 7913, 6382, 5408, FST −3.15 7971077 895NM_006475 1486 2617, 4640, 4641, 4642, 4649, 7522, 8474, POSTN −2.978449, 7103, 8183, 7375, 6642, 8161892 896 NM_004297 1487 2753, 4750,6030, 7575, GNA14 −2.96 8068401 897 NM_001757 1488 3890, 3754, 7622,5848, CBR1 −2.95 8092095 898 NM_015028 1489 4193, 4852, 4853, 4854,4855, 4856, 4857, TNIK −2.95 4858, 4859, 4860, 8054, 5939, 6549, 7883,5603, 6786, 7448, 7215, 8447, 8382, 7882, 6219, 7921916 899 NM_0011953031490 3306, 5190, 5110, 7452, 5828, 6057, RGS5 −2.93 8155487 900NM_002009 1491 3476, 2587, 2975, 4695, 4203, 5525, 7263, KGFLP1 −2.897112, 6748, 7952601 901 NM_001162422 1492 3402, 4871, 4686, 4687, 7425,5612, 5931, ETS1 −2.88 7947274 902 NM_001584 1493 2671, 4776, 4777,6358, 6060, MPPED2 −2.79 7934906 903 NM_001141945 1494 3670, 3812, 3774,2556, 3442, 4717, 4473, ACTA2 −2.79 2836, 3380, 4664, 4665, 5340, 8239,7483, 8264, 7450, 7803, 6754, 8140668 904 NM_006080 1495 4019, 3973,5554, 7046, 6980, SEMA3A −2.72 7974689 905 NM_016651 1496 2815, 4080,4079, DACT1 −2.67 8155849 906 NM_000700 1497 3181, 2757, 6327, 5394,7974, 6460, 7578, ANXA1 −2.66 7227, 8129, 8580, 8127563 907 NM_0806451498 4761, 3954, 3953, 5758, 6009, 7798, 8346, COL12A1 −2.59 8170, 5484,6823, 7965322 908 NM_000899 1499 4054, 5149, 5148, 6216, 5328, 6318,7574, KITLG −2.58 7995681 909 NM_004530 1500 3362, 4409, 4410, 5329,6518, MMP2 −2.57 7971653 910 NR_002612 1501 2849, 3911, 7223, 6445,7650, 7147, 7126, DLEU2 −2.57 7028, 6609, 8171449 911 NM_021804 15023847, 4462, 6787, 7949, 7759, 7328, 5427, ACE2 −2.56 8042788 912NM_001615 1503 2956, 3832, 6377, 7341, 6703, 6599, 7930, ACTG2 −2.565891, 7962427 913 NM_031292 1504 3592, 4173, 4172, 4174, 6664, 6050,6684, PUS7L −2.52 7984259 914 NR_002757 1505 4615, RNU5B-1 −2.40 8046922915 NM_000090 1506 3042, 4000, 7681, 5702, 7724, 5577, COL3A1 −2.377924682 916 NM_003240 1507 3558, 4989, 4988, 8493, 7506, 6104, LEFTY2−2.35 7912520 917 NM_002521 1508 3029, 3909, 7941, 6388, NPPB −2.357944867 918 NM_170601 1509 3593, 5256, 5538, SIAE −2.30 8095646 919NM_001134 1510 3041, 2756, 7886, 7273, 8047, 8272, AFP −2.29 8098690 920NM_174900 1511 3498, 3937, 5793, 8300, ZFP42 −2.29 8152617 921 NM_0053281512 2676, 4348, 5843, 6409, HAS2 −2.28 8136807 922 — TRY6 −2.28 7908597923 NM_003822 1513 2737, 3582, 3583, 6058, 5356, 8618, 7477, NR5A2 −2.276293, 5367, 8115543 924 NM_024007 1514 3190, 4342, 8173, 8061, 8377,5613, 8417, EBF1 −2.27 6926, 7796, 8496, 7892, 7977507 925 NR_0023121515 3839, RPPH1 −2.26 8026139 926 NM_002501 1516 4021, 4022, 3743,3307, 2629, 2644, 2645, NFIX −2.21 4501, 4543, 4907, 3764, 5981, 6837,5556, 6879, 5925, 8040163 927 NM_001039613 1517 3912, 3107, 4261, 4549,3207, 3482, 3588, IAH1 −2.20 3934, 6534, 8330, 8409, 8205, 6128, 8770,8556, 7901, 8340, 8747, 8755, 7721, 8381, 8091, 7817, 5835, 8151768 928NM_004349 1518 2705, 3651, 2626, 2602, 2625, 2624, 2654, RUNX1T1 −2.204142, 3323, 2686, 4712, 2904, 3581, 5209, 5210, 5211, 5212, 5213, 5214,5215, 5216, 5217, 5218, 5219, 5220, 5221, 5222, 5223, 8013, 6461, 5898,7238, 8282, 8648, 8373, 8771, 8423, 8210, 8363, 8306, 8545, 8741, 8410,8779, 8219, 7874, 8339, 8400, 8131, 8197, 8357, 7910, 8124, 8636, 7994,7908, 7863, 8687, 8792, 8763, 7842, 8594, 8665, 8145, 8274, 8404, 8092,8089, 8443, 7757, 8719, 5496, 6644, 8057620 929 NM_000393 1519 3762,3939, 7320, 7380, 7573, COL5A2 −2.18 8106743 930 NM_004385 1520 2643,4889, 4890, 4891, 4892, 6221, 7925, VCAN −2.17 8699, 7773, 8196, 5495,8365, 6091, 7897801 931 M77839 1521 2554, 4136, RNU5E −2.14 8069689 932NM_007038 1522 2778, 4585, 5725, ADAMTS5 −2.14 8140955 933 NM_0011453061523 3279, 4773, 4772, 5552, 8113, 8064, 7668, CDK6 −2.11 6346, 8135218934 NM_005824 1524 2666, 4848, 4849, 5940, 5451, 7410, 8602, LRRC17−2.11 8163716 935 NM_014618 1525 2726, 4469, 4474, 3012, 3546, 3649,4164, DBC1 −2.11 6292, 6191, 5480, 8007921 936 NM_001002841 1526 3053,3703, 2998, 6007, 6931, MYL4 −2.10 7934979 937 NM_014391 1527 2995,3511, 5932, ANKRD1 −2.09 8085946 938 NM_005442 1528 3171, 3140, 5868,7137, 7635, EOMES −2.07 7971461 939 NM_002298 1529 2593, 2594, 3108,3126, 3127, 4472, 2928, LCP1 −2.05 2972, 4589, 6343, 5723, 6824, 7508,6347, 6695, 8668, 6816, 7944082 940 NM_003186 1530 2895, 3656, 3657,3038, 7198, 5531, 6894, TAGLN −2.04 5715, 8045688 941 NM_007115 15313052, 5234, 5352, 6810, TNFAIP6 −2.04 8105607 942 NM_001164442 15324893, 7805, 7948, 7918, 8707, 6538, FAM159B −2.03 8161520 943 NM_0219651533 3077, 4232, 3852, 6909, 6516, PGM5P2 −2.01 Table 8: Provided arethe description of the non-membranal genes along with the sequenceidentifiers of the Affymetrix probes, the target sequence identified bythe Affymetrix probe, and the mRNA sequences represented by the targetsequences. Also shown are the log 2 fold change in expression levels ofthe indicated genes between the PDX1-GFP cells and the geneticallyunmodified HESCs. The (+) or (−) sign means that the genes areupregulated or downregulated, respectively, in the PDX1-GFP cells ascompared to the genetically unmodified HESCs.

Example 3 Genes which are Upregulated or Downregulated in PancreaticProgenitor (Pdx1+) Versus Definite Endoderm (Sox17+) Cells

TABLE 9 Membranal genes which are upregulated in PDX1 cells as comparedto SOX17 cells Affy. target SEQ ID Log 2 fold Probe nucl. SEQ ID NO: (OfRep. Gene change Set ID NO: Rep. Public ID Public ID) Polyn. SEQ ID NOs:rep. by target Symbol [PDX-SOX] 8100393 944 NM_002253 1534 2708, 4588,7921, 5498, 8228, KDR 4.62 8051785 945 NM_133329 1535 3647, 5227, 5228,5783, 7561, KCNG3 4.19 8031076 946 NM_031896 1536 3827, 5226, 7212,5339, CACNG7 3.80 8096440 947 NM_001510 1537 2719, 4235, 8429, 5557,7933, 8154, GRID2 3.63 7996837 948 NM_004360 1538 4149, 4182, 2614,4278, 4556, 2794, 2795, CDH1 3.45 4415, 4294, 4315, 4347, 5506, 7453,5404, 7133, 7917276 949 NM_012152 1539 2780, 4363, 7551, 8539, 6011,LPAR3 3.33 8113666 950 NM_020796 1540 2844, 4722, 3122, 3148, 4310,4145, 8137, SEMA6A 3.29 8152, 7900, 5499, 8724, 8667, 8467, 8111, 5437,8321, 7896, 5978, 8764, 8135774 951 NM_002851 1541 2599, 3943, 7457,8030, 7815, 8011, 8237, PTPRZ1 3.15 7646, 8037079 952 NM_152296 15423345, 3672, 8109, 6417, 5616, 7816, ATP1A3 3.09 8087530 953 NM_0240461543 3407, 4516, 4542, 4547, 4568, 3355, 2883, CAMKV 3.04 3337, 3368,3000, 3165, 3910, 8007, 8299, 6547, 8504, 8573, 8756, 8739, 7861, 8075,7731, 6769, 7182, 8603, 8099, 7254, 5602, 7994058 954 NM_001039 15443481, 4177, 5784, SCNN1G 3.00 7918716 955 NM_205848 1545 2981, 3239,4010, 6234, 6167, 7976, 6283, SYT6 2.92 6937, 6744, 6657, 7930837 956NM_003054 1546 3141, 5107, 7960, 5655, SLC18A2 2.87 8108697 957NM_015669 1547 2872, 2931, 5379, PCDHB5 2.84 8101675 958 NM_004827 15483811, 3819, 7943, 5391, ABCG2 2.61 8178193 959 NM_019111 1549 3652,4537, 2590, 2589, 4532, 4478, 4721, HLA-DRA 2.60 4482, 3074, 3666, 5174,6840, 8271, 7495, 7301, 6340, 7125, 7667, 6973, 6698, 6694, 7895, 6462,7070, 8427, 7321, 6682, 7906, 7421, 7648, 7487, 6525, 7916584 960NM_002353 1550 2675, 4337, 6094, TACSTD2 2.57 7909390 961 NM_175710 15513897, 4185, 8470, 6548, 5851, CR1L 2.54 8169447 962 NM_000868 1552 2609,4287, 5920, 5564, 5986, HTR2C 2.48 7972157 963 NM_003991 1553 2606,5247, 5246, 5248, 5597, 7819, 7369, EDNRB 2.47 8168657 964 NM_0011683621554 3001, 2888, 4950, 4951, 2807, 4945, 4946, PCDH11X 2.45 4947, 4948,4949, 2939, 2940, 2938, 5762, 6189, 5311, 6640, 6106, 6184, 6241, 5877,7081, 5601, 6247, 8389, 8038367 965 NM_020309 1555 3483, 4743, 5332,SLC17A7 2.44 7960529 966 NM_001159575 1556 3514, 4813, 4814, 4812, 5353,6068, 6294, SCNN1A 2.35 6143, 6414, 7953291 967 NM_001769 1557 3817,5250, 7598, 7601, 7771, 7211, 6952, CD9 2.35 5319, 8011713 968 NM_0220591558 2851, 4210, 4211, 5728, CXCL16 2.29 8027778 969 NM_144779 15593228, 3470, 2828, 3419, 3286, 4528, 3008, FXYD5 2.25 3388, 4895, 4896,4898, 4897, 6381, 7395, 6565, 5906, 7311, 8512, 8170538 970 NM_0185581560 2811, 4939, 6037, 5850, GABRQ 2.25 8114415 971 NM_001496 1561 3167,3584, 7363, 5508, GFRA3 2.23 8087691 972 NM_001174051 1562 2721, 2711,2712, 4220, 4298, 5019, 3735, CACNA2D2 2.23 3736, 6362, 6812, 5540,6239, 8681, 7132, 7985, 7734, 6957, 7200, 8133360 973 NM_001305 15633437, 3401, 7342, 6124, 7250, CLDN4 2.21 8059186 974 NM_002846 15642647, 5233, 5755, 7545, 6502, 6839, 8004, PTPRN 2.20 8090, 8318, 8312,7916, 8169061 975 NM_001128834 1565 3671, 3836, 3741, 3742, 2596, 2595,2588, PLP1 2.20 4267, 4502, 4503, 2878, 4324, 4329, 4438, 3554, 3553,8469, 6590, 7115, 7231, 7458, 6933, 7196, 7209, 8108, 8781, 8623, 8141,8486, 7855, 5832, 8385, 5923, 8694, 6335, 7709, 6348, 8343, 7178, 7629,7898057 976 NM_001006624 1566 3236, 2746, 2747, 3084, 3519, 2965, 3133,PDPN 2.13 4305, 4306, 3747, 3748, 3745, 3746, 8458, 8786, 8213, 5840,7528, 8392, 8050, 7659, 7822, 8446, 8062123 977 NM_006690 1567 2775,3872, 5355, MMP24 2.13 8018114 978 NM_001144952 1568 2814, 4748, 7774,5765, 6851, 6326, SDK2 2.12 7987439 979 NM_007223 1569 3580, 2783, 5852,GPR176 2.10 8171624 980 NM_005756 1570 3176, 3177, 3178, 3179, 3216,3862, 3994, GPR64 2.09 3992, 4253, 3172, 3173, 3174, 3093, 5123, 5124,5125, 5126, 5127, 5128, 5129, 5130, 5131, 6034, 6617, 6614, 8617, 6938,6296, 6048, 6115, 6013, 6956, 6659, 6099, 8083839 981 NM_014373 15712885, 4317, 4609, 8290, 8552, 8316, 8057, GPR160 2.07 7844, 7988, 6244,7922, 8176400 982 NM_001168362 1572 3001, 2889, 4950, 2807, 4945, 4947,2939, PCDH11Y 2.07 2940, 2938, 5762, 6189, 5311, 6640, 6184, 6241, 5877,7081, 8067602 983 NM_152864 1573 3226, 4323, 4809, 6602, 6260, 6027,8666, NKAIN4 2.06 7541, 6149, 6332, 8610, 6274, 8004545 984 NM_0016781574 2604, 3681, 5449, ATP1B2 2.05 7955502 985 NM_001177984 1575 2769,5108, 4009, 6054, 6237, 6251, SCN8A 2.03 8106573 986 NM_003248 15763271, 5018, 8753, 6398, 8163, 6313, THBS4 2.01 7909350 987 NM_0010066581577 4488, 4916, 4917, 6275, 5909, 8223, 8585, CR2 2.01 6171, 6814,8118556 988 NM_002122 1578 3810, 3721, 7313, 8208, 7034, 6552, 7074,HLA-DQA1 1.98 5946, 8475, 8118548 989 NM_019111 1579 3652, 4537, 2590,2589, 4532, 4478, 4721, HLA-DRA 1.97 4482, 3074, 3666, 5174, 6840, 8271,7495, 7301, 6340, 7125, 7667, 6973, 6698, 6694, 7895, 6462, 7070, 8427,7321, 6682, 7906, 7421, 7648, 7487, 6525, 7934970 990 NM_000872 15803256, 4604, 4605, 4606, 5950, 6214, 5736, HTR7 1.92 5523, 7915472 991NM_006516 1581 4268, 4338, 5901, 6869, 6399, 8613, 6344, SLC2A1 1.926364, 5884, 7600, 8179481 992 NM_019111 1582 3652, 4537, 2590, 2589,4532, 4478, 4721, HLA-DRA 1.92 4482, 3074, 3666, 5174, 6840, 8271, 7495,7301, 6340, 7125, 7667, 6973, 6698, 6694, 7895, 6462, 7070, 8427, 7321,6682, 7906, 7421, 7648, 7487, 6525, 8040458 993 NM_002252 1583 3347,3213, 6867, 6984, 8229, 5665, 7423, KCNS3 1.91 8173414 994 NM_0328031584 3087, 5135, 5134, 5854, 7474, SLC7A3 1.86 8118607 995 NR_0014351585 4480, 2993, 3281, 6755, 8176, 8031, 7000, HLA-DPB2 1.86 5720, 7237,8785, 7391, 8295, 6363, 7378, 8526, 7569, 6929, 7023, 8159734 996NM_000718 1586 2559, 2560, 5298, 6089, 5532, 5955, 6280, CACNA1B 1.856151, 5911, 5558, 6198, 8171284 997 NM_000273 1587 3596, 4944, 6448,6849, 7049, 7224, GPR143 1.83 Table 9: Provided are the description ofthe membranal genes along with the sequence identifiers of theAffymetrix probes, the target sequence identified by the Affymetrixprobe, and the mRNA sequences represented by the target sequences. Alsoshown are the log 2 fold change in expression levels of the indicatedgenes between the PDX1-GFP cells and the SOX17-GFP cells (PDX1-SOX17).The (+) or (−) sign means that the genes are upregulated ordownregulated, respectively, in the PDX1-GFP cells as compared to theSOX17-GFP cells.

TABLE 10 Membranal genes which are downregulated in PDX1 cells ascompared to SOX17 cells Log 2 fold Affy. target SEQ ID NO: change ProbeSet nucl. SEQ ID Rep. Public (Of Rep. Public Gene [PDX- ID NO: ID ID)Polyn. SEQ ID NOs: rep. by target Symbol SOX17] 7957140 998 NM_0036671588 2732, 3193, 6795, 5509, LGR5 −6.13 7938090 999 NM_176875 1589 2809,5307, 5676, CCKBR −4.88 8055465 1000 NM_001008540 1590 2782, 3775, 3776,5384, 6834, 7645, CXCR4 −4.88 8065071 1001 NM_198391 1591 2812, 5172,5173, 5918, 7056, 6380, FLRT3 −4.44 8151341 1002 NM_007332 1592 4060,8269, 5433, TRPA1 −4.19 8057677 1003 NM_014585 1593 3154, 4368, 6969,5406, 7045, 8144, 8627, 7674, 6595, SLC40A1 −4.12 6989, 7964602 1004NM_153377 1594 3457, 3537, 4639, 5656, 6683, 7048, LRIG3 −3.98 80219461005 NM_130386 1595 2891, 4601, 6579, COLEC12 −3.86 7971296 1006NM_033255 1596 3367, 3694, 3693, 5738, 5732, 7664, 7742, EPSTI1 −3.838081298 1007 NM_032787 1597 3995, 4847, 5470, 7733, 8308, 8445, GPR128−3.63 8022674 1008 NM_001792 1598 3134, 4668, 5546, CDH2 −3.38 79013161009 NM_001011547 1599 4682, 4626, 4627, 6649, 6403, 7403, 7829, 6781,6361, SLC5A9 −3.36 8052072 1010 NM_000145 1600 4265, 5021, 5022, 6252,5713, 7612, 7221, 6397, FSHR −3.33 7924342 1011 NM_018713 1601 3493,3718, 6268, 6130, 8273, 8216, SLC30A10 −3.27 8169580 1012 NM_001560 16022683, 3219, 6256, 6220, 8730, 6320, IL13RA1 −3.20 7977786 1013NM_001126105 1603 2789, 5292, 5291, 7158, 7255, 5870, 8255, 6471, 7642,SLC7A7 −3.14 8097449 1014 NM_032961 1604 2914, 2936, 2935, 7099, 5512,8691, PCDH10 −3.11 8154135 1015 NM_004170 1605 3070, 5025, 5401, 7218,8331, SLC1A1 −3.07 8132347 1016 NM_181791 1606 3313, 3318, 6342, 5701,6692, GPR141 −3.05 8111677 1017 NM_001127671 1607 2551, 4403, 4404,5491, 7187, 7919, 8314, 7758, LIFR −2.98 8171472 1018 NM_020665 16082960, 4942, 6430, TMEM27 −2.95 8175217 1019 NM_001448 1609 2738, 3072,6154, GPC4 −2.93 8045664 1020 NM_177964 1610 3039, 3538, 8714, 5464,7286, 6455, 7123, 7806, 7494, LYPD6B −2.91 8341, 7067, 6613, 79480581021 NM_153696 1611 3060, 3615, 2779, 2843, 3871, 2598, 4703, 4705,4140, FOLH1 −2.90 4138, 2773, 3026, 3280, 5177, 5176, 2766, 5178, 3821,6173, 5921, 6307, 5425, 6469, 6968, 7971104 1022 NM_016179 1612 3415,4643, 4644, 4645, 4646, 4647, 4648, 7469, 7085, TRPC4 −2.88 8143, 6069,7054, 6227, 6264, 7998, 7627, 6564, 7066, 8094520 1023 NM_032457 16132723, 5014, 5015, 2937, 5262, 5768, 5971, PCDH7 −2.88 8143534 1024NM_000420 1614 2886, 2987, 6934, 8187, 8288, 6818, 6144, 8559, KEL −2.788045795 1025 NM_002239 1615 2667, 3201, 5594, 8178, KCNJ3 −2.72 79112731026 NM_001004696 1616 3717, 6107, OR2T4 −2.71 8165658 1027 X59268 16172553, 3426, 3422, 6269, VIPR2 −2.68 7976073 1028 NM_013231 1618 4059,3816, 5667, FLRT2 −2.66 7923978 1029 NM_001773 1619 2563, 3891, 3854,5956, 6086, 5785, 6059, 8087, CD34 −2.64 8101992 1030 NM_001135146 16202875, 4623, 4624, 3783, 4625, 7838, 6311, 8464, 6341, SLC39A8 −2.637047, 8083887 1031 NM_001185056 1621 2958, 5141, 4593, 7870, 5315, 6845,7064, 7947, 8104, CLDN11 −2.57 8049471 1032 NM_020311 1622 3396, 4030,5457, CXCR7 −2.52 7963786 1033 NM_002205 1623 3341, 3761, 5661, 6880,ITGA5 −2.48 8046861 1034 NM_002210 1624 2615, 4762, 4763, 4764, 8678,6893, 8003, 7665, 5446, ITGAV −2.44 6625, 8140995 1035 NM_001742 16252561, 4912, 4913, 4914, 6611, 6073, 7384, 7536, 6539, CALCR −2.438082928 1036 NM_016369 1626 4183, 3788, 3787, 8686, 5317, 6211, CLDN18−2.41 8003298 1037 NM_003486 1627 2755, 3870, 5397, SLC7A5 −2.32 79647451038 NM_016056 1628 3443, 2942, 4069, 7063, 6210, 5607, 7161, TMBIM4−2.32 8090823 1039 NM_005630 1629 2724, 4396, 7489, 6355, 8401, 8414,8074, 5640, SLCO2A1 −2.29 8111255 1040 NM_006727 1630 2788, 5142, 8497,5507, 8253, 8371, CDH10 −2.29 7955797 1041 NM_020547 1631 4056, 4904,4903, 4905, 7400, 5395, AMHR2 −2.28 7952341 1042 NM_024769 1632 3321,3556, 7605, 6402, ASAM −2.26 8092726 1043 NM_021101 1633 2752, 5133,5652, 7810, CLDN1 −2.26 8070421 1044 NM_001389 1634 2796, 3591, 6842,DSCAM −2.15 8004691 1045 NM_203411 1635 3456, 3564, 5821, TMEM88 −2.157923991 1046 NM_025179 1636 4111, 4029, 6303, 8403, 6499, PLXNA2 −2.148037298 1047 NM_020406 1637 3744, 4005, 6408, 7480, 7666, CD177 −2.148098041 1048 NM_018342 1638 2802, 3163, 3170, 3261, 3319, 3506, 3267,4584, 8697, TMEM144 −2.13 8424, 5686, 8259, 8744, 8370, 7977, 8192,7923, 7849, 8039, 7954, 8413, 7830, 8142687 1049 NM_005302 1639 3208,3301, 5833, GPR37 −2.09 7919340 1050 NM_005266 1640 3364, 4104, 4105,7691, 6103, 6550, 5474, GJA5 −2.09 7983527 1051 NM_024966 1641 3078,3079, 3080, 3081, 3082, 4192, 4279, 3184, 3186, SEMA6D −2.08 3187, 3185,3188, 3183, 6040, 7595, 5709, 6809, 6877, 7470, 6289, 5994, 8151952 1052NM_024759 1642 4112, 2892, 8672, 8517, 8125, 6122, 8051, 8637, NIPAL2−2.08 8114896 1053 NM_194251 1643 3379, 3780, 5572, GPR151 −2.07 81135511054 NM_002387 1644 3412, 4147, 4148, 8175, 8246, 5792, 7893, MCC −2.007944554 1055 NM_174926 1645 4534, 5202, 5203, 5204, 5205, 5206, 5207,5208, 6407, TMEM136 −1.98 5814, 8067029 1056 NM_002237 1646 2710, 3445,4245, 2913, 3399, 4162, 8728, 6738, 7204, KCNG1 −1.94 6263, 7217, 6415,8112803 1057 NM_005779 1647 3315, 4380, 4381, 3977, 8589, 8081, 8592,8563, 6988, LHFPL2 −1.89 8101, 8175288 1058 NM_019556 1648 2903, 2824,6997, 8283, 6003, 6290, 7788, 7752, 5881, MOSPD1 −1.87 8068810 1059NM_018964 1649 2845, 3683, 6723, 7548, 6976, 5984, 7385, 8095, SLC37A1−1.86 8096839 1060 NM_198506 1650 3439, 4440, 5693, 7042, 6600, LRIT3−1.86 8059279 1061 NM_004438 1651 3926, 3577, 6427, 7497, 5543, EPHA4−1.84 7916862 1062 NM_024911 1652 3473, 5169, 5171, 5170, 6985, 7944,8040, 5423, 6217, GPR177 −1.83 5957, 7720, 6063, 8128, 6006, 80439951063 NM_000877 1653 2585, 2550, 2838, 3587, 3589, 3590, 3704, 3705,4327, IL1R1 −1.80 3237, 7104, 5389, 7004, 6741, 7479, 7102, 7053, 7439,6674, 6715, 7705, 7500, 6803, 6643, Table 10: Provided are thedescription of the membranal genes along with the sequence identifiersof the Affymetrix probes, the target sequence identified by theAffymetrix probe, and the mRNA sequences represented by the targetsequences. Also shown are the log 2 fold change in expression levels ofthe indicated genes between the PDX1-GFP cells and the SOX17-GFP cells(PDX1-SOX17). The (+) or (−) sign means that the genes are upregulatedor downregulated, respectively, in the PDX1-GFP cells as compared to theSOX17-GFP cells.

TABLE 11 Non-membranal genes which are upregulated in PDX1 cells ascompared to SOX17 cells Affy. target SEQ ID NO: Log 2 fold Probe nucl.SEQ Rep. Public (Of Rep. Gene change [PDX- Set ID ID NO: ID Public ID)Polyn. SEQ ID NOs: rep. by target Symbol SOX17] 8049128 1064 NM_0313131654 2557, 4233, 5696, ALPPL2 5.61 8127522 1065 NM_001025290 1655 4388,5232, 5916, DPPA5 5.51 7945680 1066 NR_030533 1656 3526, 4930, 3779,6619, 7610, 6652, 6726, 6561, 7131, H19 5.26 6743, 7010, 6680, 6895,7340, 7012, 6491, 7917037 1067 NM_001889 1657 3420, 2605, 3199, 3619,4456, 4457, 4458, 4612, 6114, CRYZ 4.85 6052, 6863, 6288, 6530, 6018,8189, 7933194 1068 NM_199168 1658 2665, 5012, 5013, 5117, 5003, 6588,8491, 7914, 6051, CXCL12 4.67 6656, 6859, 7902345 1069 NM_001162916 16593648, 4873, 4874, 4872, 8405, 6496, 6385, 8689, 7110, TYW3 4.48 8780,6273, 7901497 1070 NM_001004339 1660 3328, 4808, 6317, 5872, ZYG11A 4.167985159 1071 NM_004378 1661 3015, 4439, 5645, CRABP1 3.92 8146092 1072NM_002164 1662 2584, 5259, 5421, 8523, 8757, 8169, 8149, 8114, 8319,IDO1 3.92 7915, 8778, 8178470 1073 NM_203289 1663 2865, 2866, 2867,2868, 3988, 3986, 4587, 5026, 5027, POU5F1 3.76 5028, 5029, 5030, 5031,5032, 5033, 5034, 5035, 5036, 5037, 5038, 5039, 5040, 5041, 5042, 5043,5044, 5045, 5046, 5047, 5048, 5049, 5050, 5051, 5052, 5053, 5054, 5055,5056, 5057, 5058, 5059, 5060, 5061, 5062, 5063, 5064, 5065, 5066, 5067,5068, 5069, 5070, 5071, 5072, 5073, 5074, 5075, 5076, 5077, 5078, 5079,5080, 5081, 5082, 5083, 5084, 5085, 5086, 5087, 5088, 5089, 5090, 5091,5092, 5093, 5094, 5095, 5096, 5097, 5098, 5099, 5100, 5101, 5102, 5103,5104, 4227, 4228, 4229, 4230, 4231, 3958, 3959, 4369, 5016, 5017, 4052,5175, 5179, 8740, 7043, 6463, 8204, 6434, 6854, 6431, 8068, 6882, 7219,7760, 8266, 8247, 6495, 7073, 7834, 7275, 7155, 8483, 6801, 7986, 6354,8509, 6963, 7415, 7877, 6325, 7358, 5405, 7117, 6852, 8575, 6970, 7641,7552, 8121850 1074 NM_012259 1664 4276, 3975, 5989, 6023, HEY2 3.748124380 1075 NM_005325 1665 3881, 4053, 5377, HIST1H1A 3.70 8063536 1076NM_003222 1666 3168, 3531, 5324, TFAP2C 3.69 8089438 1077 NM_138815 16673289, 4865, 8060, DPPA2 3.63 8098690 1078 NM_174900 1668 3498, 3937,5793, 8300, ZFP42 3.59 7971838 1079 NM_007015 1669 3028, 3784, 3785,7153, 6673, LECT1 3.54 8147244 1080 NM_022351 1670 3290, 4737, 6800,7785, 7823, 8669, 7989, 8696, NECAB1 3.48 7983239 1081 NM_020990 16714017, 4725, 3845, 3844, 5618, 8459, 7658, 6700, 6805, CKMT1A 3.47 7001,6390, 7746, 7418, 6964, 8012, 7084, 7264, 7777, 8717, 7315, 6930, 7503,6473, 7092, 7417, 7902, 7582, 8066117 1082 NM_015474 1672 3449, 5023,3830, 5349, 5541, 7106, 6100, SAMHD1 3.46 8097256 1083 NM_198041 16732576, 5304, 4197, 5305, 5478, 5980, 5822, FGF2 3.44 7913216 1084NM_000300 1674 2906, 4866, 4867, 4868, 4869, 6945, 6892, 8598, 8048,PLA2G2A 3.42 8615, 6396, 7663, 8151240 1085 NM_024504 1675 2858, 3552,5534, PRDM14 3.39 8124889 1086 NM_203289 1676 2865, 2866, 2867, 2868,3988, 3986, 4587, 5026, 5027, POU5F1 3.39 5028, 5029, 5030, 5031, 5032,5033, 5034, 5035, 5036, 5037, 5038, 5039, 5040, 5041, 5042, 5043, 5044,5045, 5046, 5047, 5048, 5049, 5050, 5051, 5052, 5053, 5054, 5055, 5056,5057, 5058, 5059, 5060, 5061, 5062, 5063, 5064, 5065, 5066, 5067, 5068,5069, 5070, 5071, 5072, 5073, 5074, 5075, 5076, 5077, 5078, 5079, 5080,5081, 5082, 5083, 5084, 5085, 5086, 5087, 5088, 5089, 5090, 5091, 5092,5093, 5094, 5095, 5096, 5097, 5098, 5099, 5100, 5101, 5102, 5103, 5104,4227, 4228, 4229, 4230, 4231, 3958, 3959, 4369, 5016, 5017, 4052, 5175,5179, 8740, 7043, 6463, 8204, 6434, 6854, 6431, 8068, 6882, 7219, 7760,8266, 8247, 6495, 7073, 7834, 7275, 7155, 8483, 6801, 7986, 6354, 8509,6963, 7415, 7877, 6325, 7358, 5405, 7117, 6852, 8575, 6970, 7641, 7552,8139212 1087 NM_000168 1677 3991, 3982, 2577, 4553, 3392, 4592, 6480,7171, 6577, GLI3 3.38 6439, 8751, 6708, 8071809 1088 NM_000854 16782877, 3667, 4143, 4144, 5682, 5316, GSTT2 3.36 7904158 1089 NM_0201901679 3467, 3697, 6147, 5677, 8035, 6986, OLFML3 3.31 8085676 1090NM_001351 1680 3383, 5153, 5154, 6778, DAZL 3.30 8056408 1091 NM_0044821681 3996, 3990, 3410, 3332, 4301, 4196, 6671, 7016, 6517, GALNT3 3.297277, 7565, 6510, 6479, 6804, 6507, 8084165 1092 NM_003106 1682 3338,5264, 5632, SOX2 3.28 8148315 1093 NM_001159542 1683 5084, 4815, 6578,6639, POU5F1B 3.27 7941662 1094 NM_001104 1684 3432, 2761, 8043, 7856,8550, ACTN3 3.27 7949971 1095 NM_001876 1685 2870, 4398, 4399, 7075,5473, CPT1A 3.26 7970954 1096 NM_004734 1686 4221, 5192, 5193, 5194,5195, 5448, 7317, 6024, 6492, DCLK1 3.26 7076, 8112980 1097 NM_0057111687 2720, 3295, 8700, 8201, 7504, 5630, EDIL3 3.23 7953675 1098NM_024865 1688 3571, 3299, 4206, 5371, NANOG 3.23 8077513 1099 NM_0154531689 2882, 2944, 4333, 4334, 6458, 6573, 7246, 8510, 6238, THUMPD3 3.226855, 6555, 8394, 7095, 6527, 7909642 1100 NM_001136475 1690 3791, 4510,4251, 3161, 3278, 3303, 4655, 4653, 4654, VASH2 3.19 6082, 5905, 6123,6062, 6304, 5489, 8315, 6152, 8644, 8692, 8024712 1101 NM_033064 16913258, 3101, 4560, 3035, 4405, 5929, 7505, 5849, 7325, ATCAY 3.18 79655651102 NM_032147 1692 3062, 3978, 3979, 6775, 5436, USP44 3.18 81174221103 NM_003540 1693 3825, 3059, 7626, HIST1H4F 3.12 7987365 1104NM_024865 1694 3571, 3299, 4206, 5371, NANOG 3.09 8172471 1105 NM_0068751695 2994, 4637, 7671, 8024, 6884, PIM2 3.08 8061746 1106 NM_006892 16963002, 3249, 3250, 3251, 5288, 6284, 6608, 5831, 5310, DNMT3B 3.05 6240,7520, 7394, 6299, 8157193 1107 NM_133464 1697 4219, 4428, 4429, 7118,6162, 5698, ZNF483 3.04 8142580 1108 NM_001024613 1698 4758, 4836, 4837,7698, 6675, 7454, 5751, FEZF1 3.04 8171758 1109 NR_023358 1699 4408,SCARNA9L 3.04 8108995 1110 NM_054023 1700 3022, 4995, 8754, 8215, 5614,SCGB3A2 3.00 7963970 1111 NM_006928 1701 3105, 5245, 6941, 6287, SILV2.98 8122099 1112 NM_006208 1702 3492, 4353, 5924, 6245, 8263, 8565,7205, ENPP1 2.94 8148317 1113 NM_002467 1703 2869, 4851, 6776, 7274, MYC2.90 8039280 1114 NM_139176 1704 4509, 4372, 4373, 4374, 7316, 5964,5724, 7405, 7354, NLRP7 2.88 7602, 7930631 1115 NM_198795 1705 3518,3513, 6133, 6452, 5445, 6004, 5919, TDRD1 2.86 8152938 1116 NM_0011450951706 2750, 4755, 7527, 8041, HHLA1 2.86 8001531 1117 NM_005950 17073006, 2840, 6392, 7114, 7170, 6815, MT1G 2.85 8095043 1118 NM_0239401708 3792, 3377, 8732, 5428, 8096, RASL11B 2.79 7949124 1119NM_001164716 1709 2730, 4906, 4290, 8065, 5323, PYGM 2.78 8073062 1120NM_004900 1710 2835, 3155, 5168, 5750, 5753, APOBEC3B 2.78 8148070 1121NM_021110 1711 4389, 2612, 2613, 2692, 2964, 3160, 4321, 3750, 8105,COL14A1 2.71 5673, 5636, 7386, 8362, 7397, 5443, 8015635 1122 NM_0122321712 3561, 4938, 6271, 5910, PTRF 2.69 8138708 1123 NM_005522 1713 3389,3921, 3920, 5895, 5930, HOXA1 2.67 8028991 1124 NM_030622 1714 3461,3715, 5647, 5708, CYP2S1 2.66 8169115 1125 NM_198465 1715 3311, 4081,5354, NRK 2.65 7949104 1126 NM_001098670 1716 2786, 2787, 2742, 3987,2749, 3104, 3106, 3428, 4186, RASGRP2 2.64 4187, 3200, 6996, 7253, 7251,6422, 6110, 6605, 7167, 6721, 6400, 7783, 7408, 7101, 6992, 8419, 6612,7675, 7336, 6494, 7993, 7692, 6747, 7413, 7912473 1127 NM_183412 17173680, 3848, 3023, 4316, 3818, 5249, 8328, 6632, 6172, FBXO2 2.62 7087,6489, 6785, 5411, 7956488 1128 NM_004984 1718 4336, 3578, 5671, 7555,KIF5A 2.62 8145977 1129 NM_021623 1719 4259, 4207, 8302, 7202, 6843,7732, 8390, PLEKHA2 2.61 8096361 1130 NM_016323 1720 3489, 4008, 8649,5458, 8138, 8244, HERC5 2.61 8104107 1131 NM_173553 1721 3502, 3928,3929, 4676, 4718, 3234, 7761, 8133, 7793, TRIML2 2.60 5580, 8122,7986350 1132 NM_183376 1722 3385, 4436, 5479, ARRDC4 2.60 7975076 1133NM_021979 1723 3158, 4151, 7440, 5369, HSPA2 2.59 7933092 1134 NM_0210451724 4114, 3320, 8456, 7285, 8408, 7542, 7283, 7447, 6137, ZNF248 2.598134463 1135 NM_002523 1725 3340, 4771, 5502, 6922, NPTX2 2.57 79958381136 NM_005952 1726 3371, 4455, 6391, MT1X 2.55 8096301 1137NM_001040058 1727 4706, 3942, 3501, 3944, 8278, 7992, 5370, 6716, 8452,SPP1 2.55 8651, 6109, 6075, 7831, 7801, 7963869 1138 NM_002355 17283673, 5287, 3831, 7078, 5809, 6441, 5420, 7521, 5321, PHC1 2.53 80979201139 NM_004744 1729 3566, 3595, 8748, 8069, 7763, 8070, 5620, LRAT 2.518031576 1140 NM_134444 1730 3031, 4444, 5611, 5951, NLRP4 2.49 81164181141 NM_005110 1731 2751, 4135, 8471, 5407, 8222, 8775, 7999, GFPT2 2.478139820 1142 NM_178558 1732 3061, 4448, 4449, 8320, 6601, 8790, 5658,ZNF680 2.47 7989277 1143 NM_004998 1733 3855, 3757, 5660, MYO1E 2.457983360 1144 NM_004048 1734 3076, 3490, 6485, 6270, B2M 2.44 81206791145 NM_018665 1735 2820, 2957, 4749, 6125, 7145, 8551, 6076, DDX43 2.447914342 1146 NM_004102 1736 2918, 3829, 8327, 8609, 8516, 5937, FABP32.44 8147697 1147 NM_024915 1737 4098, 4097, 4270, 4529, 3637, 3606,3638, 4299, 4354, GRHL2 2.43 5422, 7907, 7656, 8209, 8281, 7516, 80443531148 NM_001142807 1738 4470, 4673, 6005, 7357, 6866, 6663, 6681, ACOXL2.41 8138489 1149 NM_018719 1739 3585, 4801, 4802, 4803, 7510, 6116,7011, 6541, 6183, CDCA7L 2.40 8558, 8099524 1150 NM_001290 1740 2733,4590, 4591, 8679, 8166, 7837, 8661, 8298, 5669, LDB2 2.39 8605, 7719,7814, 8032, 8473, 7455, 8734, 8020384 1151 NM_001142966 1741 4467, 2876,4295, 4675, 7359, 7061, 5529, 7232, KIAA1772 2.39 8103254 1152 NM_0030131742 2933, 3724, 5471, SFRP2 2.38 8078435 1153 NM_001039111 1743 3892,3922, 6993, TRIM71 2.38 7928429 1154 NM_002658 1744 3397, 4752, 4753,6308, 6729, 8322, 7727, 8611, 6028, PLAU 2.37 6300, 8374, 8121277 1155NM_001624 1745 4575, 4051, 6064, 6887, 8412, 5596, AIM1 2.36 79957971156 NM_175617 1746 3381, 3905, 5861, 5789, MT1E 2.36 8015607 1157NM_139276 1747 4260, 3613, 3614, 3636, 7860, 7019, 6610, 8049, 5511,STAT3 2.34 7592, 8190, 6553, 7998921 1158 NM_032805 1748 3149, 2932,5400, ZSCAN10 2.34 7983718 1159 NM_001165257 1749 3014, 4909, 4908,5333, SCG3 2.33 7997336 1160 NM_020927 1750 3166, 3189, 5813, VAT1L 2.327901087 1161 NM_032756 1751 2922, 3690, 5860, HPDL 2.31 8124684 1162NM_001109809 1752 4390, 4684, 4850, 7287, 7191, 7216, 6705, 6979, 6515,ZFP57 2.31 7376, 8185, 6500, 6658, 8160260 1163 NM_017637 1753 3551,4555, 3100, 4545, 4032, 4033, 4034, 4035, 4036, BNC2 2.30 4037, 2799,3963, 6528, 6375, 7529, 7058, 6914, 7266, 7235, 7564, 8608, 7382, 8765,8026424 1164 NM_173483 1754 3826, 4241, 5547, CYP4F22 2.30 8165217 1165NM_017617 1755 2850, 4176, 5567, NOTCH1 2.30 8113278 1166 NM_153234 17563387, 4341, 5548, LIX1 2.30 7994609 1167 NM_014298 1757 3509, 3569,6447, 6560, 5343, QPRT 2.29 8137091 1168 NM_170686 1758 3019, 4464,4465, 8588, 6484, 7701, 5871, 8626, 7762, ZNF398 2.29 7857, 7936673 1169NM_002925 1759 3525, 3730, 3731, 8042, 7377, 6524, 6267, 6015, RGS102.27 8162531 1170 ENST00000396160 1760 7570, MT1G 2.26 8010354 1171NM_000152 1761 3217, 4085, 4086, 4087, 5704, 6841, GAA 2.25 8059301 1172NM_181460 1762 4255, 5159, 5161, 5162, 5163, 5164, 5165, 5158, 5160,PAX3 2.23 7119, 5969, 5904, 7673, 5842, 7706, 6334, 5413, 8006367 1173NM_138328 1763 3863, 3884, 5472, 7404, RHBDL3 2.23 8106820 1174NM_006467 1764 4507, 4049, 6583, 8418, POLR3G 2.23 7914015 1175NM_052943 1765 3427, 4638, 5752, FAM46B 2.23 7995825 1176 NM_005949 17663051, 4447, 5801, 6580, MT1F 2.22 7945296 1177 NM_001080407 1767 3430,4288, 6702, 8356, 8044, 7094, 7185, 6706, GLB1L3 2.21 8097928 1178NM_144979 1768 3391, 4586, 5462, RBM46 2.21 8074335 1179 NM_0011952261769 2764, 3807, 3998, 4025, 2793, 2709, 3097, 3594, 5186, PRODH 2.215187, 5737, 7271, 5953, 7991, 7069, 6983, 7547, 8254, 6370, 7730, 6607,5836, 8115196 1180 NM_052860 1770 2952, 4996, 4997, 4998, 5526, 6512,6897, ZNF300 2.21 8163896 1181 NM_004099 1771 2946, 3496, 3495, 6038,5639, STOM 2.20 7948987 1182 NM_007069 1772 3359, 4422, 4423, 5706,6689, 7225, PLA2G16 2.20 7942064 1183 NM_015973 1773 3055, 3933, 5477,GAL 2.18 8150962 1184 NM_014729 1774 2740, 3709, 6856, 6017, TOX 2.178046078 1185 NM_020981 1775 2763, 5191, 6587, 5756, B3GALT1 2.17 79788011186 NM_182830 1776 3421, 4330, 5167, 6351, 6182, 7688, 8193, 6799,7207, MDGA2 2.17 7912481 1187 NM_006341 1777 2774, 2791, 2768, 2798,3111, 2967, 4393, 4394, 6406, MAD2L2 2.16 7367, 7044, 5373, 7566, 7290,7330, 6832, 7175, 8143221 1188 NM_130840 1778 4271, 3924, 3925, 3923,8501, 8715, 6101, 5610, 7586, ATP6V0A4 2.16 8121949 1189 NM_000426 17793433, 4089, 4090, 6848, 5928, 7289, 6035, LAMA2 2.16 7919787 1190NM_032132 1780 3665, 3069, 3254, 3722, 5240, 8304, 6029, 6113, 5998,HORMAD1 2.15 7030, 5874, 5867, 8731, 6466, 5973, 7938035 1191 AL3601871781 2821, 2822, 2823, 4283, 4533, 4544, 4481, 3016, 3162, TRIM22 2.154213, 4312, 4320, 4326, 5229, 7088, 6634, 6762, 8083, 6459, 8567, 6533,6911, 6474, 7269, 7353, 8018652 1192 NM_052916 1782 4746, 5562, 5570,5845, RNF157 2.15 8052882 1193 NM_001617 1783 3312, 2549, 4252, 4541,3221, 3555, 5136, 5137, 5138, ADD2 2.15 5139, 5140, 7591, 8079, 5513,5527, 8334, 8155, 6282, 7652, 6883, 7881, 7694, 6520, 6309, 7614, 7098,8168438 1194 NM_145052 1784 3674, 4272, 2966, 4297, 4940, 4941, 7089,8335, 6323, UPRT 2.15 6105, 6157, 8125500 1195 NM_004159 1785 3676,2641, 2642, 4720, 3358, 3875, 3876, 6366, 7256, PSMB8 2.15 7662, 7787,7258, 6923, 7465, 7711, 6603, 7071, 8698, 6850, 6638, 7406, 7295, 8663,7850, 7345, 6440, 6333, 7938, 7517, 6750, 8634, 6788, 7146, 8416, 7360,7022, 6858, 8225, 6666, 7687, 7230, 6844, 6589, 8360, 7319, 8354, 7670,8033801 1196 NM_001130031 1786 4039, 4450, 4451, 4452, 6833, 5584, 6691,ZNF562 2.14 8171338 1197 NM_174901 1787 3150, 5120, 5679, 6572, 7485,7604, FAM9C 2.13 8097017 1198 NM_003360 1788 2689, 4419, 4420, 5810,8336, 6908, UGT8 2.13 7956522 1199 AF063608 1789 2859, 7555, KIF5A 2.117981945 1200 BC043194 1790 3229, SNRPN 2.09 8035318 1201 NM_0010804211791 4963, 8704, 7597, 8506, 5412, UNC13A 2.09 8000757 1202 NM_0035861792 3325, 3610, 3233, 5788, 5896, DOC2A 2.09 8033767 1203 NM_1524761793 2982, 4116, 5683, ZNF560 2.09 7931556 1204 NM_014468 1794 2743,3330, 5776, VENTX 2.07 8143772 1205 NM_002889 1795 3103, 4674, 8675,7835, 7515, 5341, RARRES2 2.07 8096808 1206 NM_032992 1796 3120, 3873,3874, 4445, 8500, 7859, 7100, 6201, CCDC109B 2.06 7995783 1207 NM_0059531797 2919, 4617, 5366, MT2A 2.05 8013660 1208 NM_005165 1798 3335, 3853,6651, 5330, 6714, 7379, ALDOC 2.03 7983143 1209 NM_020759 1799 4943,5714, STARD9 2.03 8008664 1210 NM_003488 1800 3357, 3981, 5585, 8407,7660, 5628, AKAP1 2.03 Table 11: Provided are the description of thenon-membranal genes along with the sequence identifiers of theAffymetrix probes, the target sequence identified by the Affymetrixprobe, and the mRNA sequences represented by the target sequences. Alsoshown are the log 2 fold change in expression levels of the indicatedgenes between the PDX1-GFP cells and the SOX17-GFP cells (PDX1-SOX17).The (+) or (−) sign means that the genes are upregulated ordownregulated, respectively, in the PDX1-GFP cells as compared to theSOX17-GFP cells.

TABLE 12 Non-membranal genes which are downregulated in PDX1 cells ascompared to SOX17 cells SEQ Log 2 fold Affy. ID NO: change Probe targetnucl. (Of Rep. Gene [PDX- Set ID SEQ ID NO: Rep. Public ID Public ID)Polyn. SEQ ID NOs: rep. by target Symbol SOX17] 8065412 1211 NM_0018981801 3369, 3033, 5734, 6511, CST1 −7.67 8160163 1212 NM_005454 18023880, 3883, 6763, CER1 −7.42 7934979 1213 NM_014391 1803 2995, 3511,5932, ANKRD1 −5.27 8136807 1214 — TRY6 −5.22 8152617 1215 NM_005328 18042676, 4348, 5843, 6409, HAS2 −5.08 7927631 1216 NM_012242 1805 3471,3796, 7543, 8463, 8242, 5959, DKK1 −5.03 8136790 1217 — PRSS2 −4.587997188 1218 NM_005143 1806 3893, 4016, 4018, 2580, 2622, 2977, 2992,3453, HP −4.53 3617, 4365, 4366, 6921, 6310, 6000, 6001, 7921834 1219NM_001643 1807 2901, 2758, 6253, 8161, 7460, 7113, 8544, 6696, APOA2−4.50 7530, 7963, 6627, 6449, 8106986 1220 NM_014899 1808 3394, 4041,7121, 8530, 7782, 8683, 8248, 7828, 8218, 8489, RHOBTB3 −4.44 80608501221 NM_001200 1809 3900, 6567, BMP2 −4.43 8171449 1222 NM_021804 18103847, 4462, 6787, 7949, 7759, 7328, 5427, ACE2 −4.39 8149825 1223NM_003155 1811 2725, 3793, 5771, STC1 −4.32 7904843 1224 NM_002614 18123336, 5243, 4204, 7461, 7260, 6532, 6226, 7090, PDZK1 −4.29 6900, 7707,7472, 6465, 7929282 1225 NM_002729 1813 2961, 4124, 7867, 5797, 8612,HHEX −4.18 8048319 1226 NM_007127 1814 4477, 4578, 5439, VIL1 −4.168121257 1227 NM_182907 1815 3253, 5303, 4361, 6228, 6168, 8184, 8624,7700, PRDM1 −4.07 8085946 1228 NM_005442 1816 3171, 3140, 5868, 7137,7635, EOMES −4.01 7968872 1229 NM_013238 1817 3842, 3846, 7013, 8073,DNAJC15 −3.99 8092095 1230 NM_015028 1818 4193, 4852, 4853, 4854, 4855,4856, 4857, 4858, TNIK −3.97 4859, 4860, 8054, 5939, 6549, 7883, 5603,6786, 7448, 7215, 8447, 8382, 7882, 6219, 8058857 1231 NM_000599 18192583, 4357, 8723, 5360, IGFBP5 −3.95 8121803 1232 NM_001010852 18203116, 3869, 5483, 6248, RLBP1L2 −3.92 8088560 1233 NM_182920 1821 4100,3333, 8622, 8439, 8457, 6636, 7795, 8233, ADAMTS9 −3.90 8784, 79712961234 NM_033255 1822 3367, 3694, 3693, 5738, 5732, 7664, 7742, EPSTI1−3.83 8163839 1235 NM_001735 1823 3997, 3497, 8045, 5344, 6954, 6376, C5−3.80 8096160 1236 NM_001025616 1824 3856, 4013, 4014, 4012, 8287, 7220,7970, 6456, ARHGAP24 −3.76 8329, 8596, 5517, 8693, 8490, 8136801 1237NM_002770 1825 3326, 3327, 4043, 4044, 3896, 4082, 2633, 3056, TRY6−3.73 4031, 3057, 4349, 5199, 5294, 5200, 4875, 7372, 5743, 6222, 8379,8149071 1238 NM_001147 1826 2696, 4344, 4345, 4346, 5744, 7577, ANGPT2−3.73 8020795 1239 NM_000371 1827 2722, 4730, 6739, 5362, TTR −3.718139307 1240 NM_021223 1828 3043, 3698, 7148, 5334, 7843, 7318, 7526,MYL7 −3.71 8105302 1241 NM_013409 1829 3343, 5282, 5281, 7924, 7913,6382, 5408, FST −3.66 7965322 1242 NM_000899 1830 4054, 5149, 5148,6216, 5328, 6318, 7574, KITLG −3.65 7926105 1243 NM_002051 1831 2915,3695, 3696, 6780, 6049, 7381, GATA3 −3.65 8113358 1244 NM_005668 18323302, 4599, 3244, 7055, 7738, 5386, ST8SIA4 −3.60 8057377 1245 NM_1736481833 3425, 5152, 5914, 5666, 7929, CCDC141 −3.57 8151931 1246 NM_0335121834 3241, 3675, 5757, TSPYL5 −3.56 8105013 1247 NM_152403 1835 3530,5277, 5276, 5275, 6119, 5859, 8466, 5742, EGFLAM −3.55 6783, 8384, 6717,7825, 8629, 8422, 7942, 6265, 8057056 1248 NM_133378 1836 3308, 2656,3424, 4106, 4107, 3344, 3048, 5008, TTN −3.52 5009, 5011, 5007, 5010,7368, 5887, 5945, 7339, 6830, 8194, 6950, 6315, 6321, 6481, 7366, 6697,6793, 7546, 6131, 5681, 7924682 1249 NM_003240 1837 3558, 4989, 4988,8493, 7506, 6104, LEFTY2 −3.52 8065344 1250 NM_021784 1838 2770, 4577,4466, 5823, 7393, 7364, 6571, FOXA2 −3.38 8129231 1251 NM_024581 18393503, 4208, 4209, 8021, 7766, 5900, 8495, 6262, FAM184A −3.38 81470301252 NM_007029 1840 4711, 5225, 5342, STMN2 −3.35 7976858 1253 NM_0013621841 2990, 4161, 8265, 6088, DIO3 −3.33 8058765 1254 NM_054034 18423732, 3409, 3983, 4677, 4679, 3284, 3310, 3403, FN1 −3.33 3404, 3405,3406, 4727, 3110, 4551, 4571, 4572, 4576, 3822, 3494, 2852, 3620, 3621,3622, 3623, 3624, 3625, 5996, 7280, 7649, 6915, 8364, 8529, 6768, 7398,5846, 6424, 8736, 8430, 7036, 5993, 8153, 8487, 6324, 6771, 6223, 6205,5539, 6620, 6121, 6206, 8147, 5687, 8136795 1255 NM_002769 1843 4044,4083, 5224, 7372, 8647, 5627, 7412, 7969, PRSS1 −3.32 7912520 1256NM_002521 1844 3029, 3909, 7941, 6388, NPPB −3.32 7921916 1257NM_001195303 1845 3306, 5190, 5110, 7452, 5828, 6057, RGS5 −3.30 81211441258 NM_024641 1846 4179, 5290, 6156, 5952, 8006, MANEA −3.29 79793571259 NM_021728 1847 3073, 3223, 3224, 6604, 6242, OTX2 −3.28 80473811260 NM_003879 1848 2698, 2700, 2701, 2702, 2703, 2697, 2727, 2728,CFLAR −3.28 2729, 2714, 2715, 2716, 2717, 2718, 3809, 3282, 4540, 4723,2706, 2695, 2707, 4275, 4518, 2881, 4319, 5254, 5255, 7718, 7181, 7213,6901, 7210, 7050, 6868, 7797, 7093, 6246, 6301, 6416, 6026, 8088, 7173,6972, 6669, 7157, 7540, 7179, 6019, 5721, 8058498 1261 NM_003468 18492934, 4015, 5838, FZD5 −3.27 8054517 1262 AK095678 1850 3119, 2978,6378, 5623, 6529, LOC151009 −3.24 7961875 1263 NM_152590 1851 4498,4781, 4782, 4784, 4785, 4783, 5790, 7143, IFLTD1 −3.23 6544, 6853,7938231 1264 NM_003621 1852 3011, 4355, 5626, PPFIBP2 −3.18 8166747 1265NM_001163335 1853 3411, 4887, 4885, 4886, 5912, 6888, 5629, SYTL5 −3.138019964 1266 NM_001010000 1854 2803, 5198, 5415, 6442, 5664, 6551, 7534,7585, ARHGAP28 −3.12 7957458 1267 NM_006183 1855 2948, 5242, 5429, NTS−3.09 8050619 1268 NM_000384 1856 2558, 3976, 5351, APOB −3.08 80654161269 NM_001322 1857 3515, 3034, 5782, CST2 −3.05 7942998 1270 NM_1536961858 3060, 2843, 3280, 5177, 2766, 5178, 6173, 5921, FOLH1B −3.04 6307,5425, 6469, 8070579 1271 NM_003225 1859 2552, 3668, 5847, TFF1 −3.048165663 1272 AK172782 1860 3609, GPAM −3.04 8023598 1273 NM_173557 18613123, 3946, 5605, RNF152 −3.04 8140650 1274 NM_012431 1862 4218, 5112,5113, 5625, 7193, SEMA3E −3.04 8111892 1275 NM_000436 1863 2674, 4026,8292, 5313, 8538, 8361, 8084, 7753, OXCT1 −3.03 8150076 1276 NM_0013941864 2649, 5265, 5266, 5393, DUSP4 −3.02 8121916 1277 NM_032784 18653018, 3878, 6102, 6281, 8688, RSPO3 −3.01 8092523 1278 NM_001966 18663206, 4927, 4926, 5368, 8762, EHHADH −3.00 8172670 1279 NM_0010137421867 3778, 5274, 6444, DGKK −2.99 8119898 1280 NM_001025366 1868 3808,4966, 4967, 4968, 4969, 4970, 4971, 4972, VEGFA −2.98 4973, 4974, 4975,4976, 4977, 4978, 4979, 4980, 4981, 8712, 5968, 6175, 7640, 5961, 5690,7243, 8549, 6759, 6136, 7716, 8136, 8355, 8159, 8018, 7079, 8270, 8120,7866, 8507, 8066, 7946, 8077185 1281 NM_000039 1869 3902, 2762, 6306,5375, 6654, 6990, APOA1 −2.94 8059955 1282 NM_022449 1870 3268, 4986,4985, 7579, 8393, 6896, 6505, 7240, RAB17 −2.92 5533, 8045664 1283NM_177964 1871 3039, 3538, 8714, 5464, 7286, 6455, 7123, 7806, LYPD6B−2.91 7494, 8341, 7067, 6613, 8087925 1284 NM_003280 1872 3054, 4613,5365, 7708, TNNC1 −2.90 8074853 1285 NM_080740 1873 3304, 3570, 5866,ZNF280A −2.90 8057506 1286 NM_001463 1874 2679, 5106, 5695, FRZB −2.897951865 1287 NM_000039 1875 3902, 2762, 6306, 5375, 6654, 6990, APOA1−2.89 8146462 1288 NM_022454 1876 3009, 4141, 5778, SOX17 −2.86 81294821289 NM_001017373 1877 3098, 4120, 4122, 7473, 7107, 6192, 5825, 7041,SAMD3 −2.85 6688, 8127193 1290 NM_021073 1878 2611, 3202, 5997, 7150,BMP5 −2.85 8144643 1291 NM_002052 1879 2632, 4360, 5839, 5435, GATA4−2.81 8050537 1292 NM_002381 1880 4246, 4011, 7511, 6871, 8601, MATN3−2.80 8169995 1293 NM_001170779 1881 4513, 4955, 4956, 4957, 4958, 4959,4960, 4954, FAM122C −2.80 6451, 7031, 8034, 6865, 6135, 8059, 8191,6912, 8587, 6236, 8103544 1294 NM_016950 1882 3468, 4487, 4491, 4493,4496, 4500, 4505, 4506, SPOCK3 −2.78 4522, 2959, 3354, 2879, 3351, 3951,3952, 7390, 8151, 7745, 8674, 7862, 8555, 8291, 8542, 7775, 8670, 8212,7911, 5944, 8680, 8411, 8508, 6200, 8249, 7909, 8528, 8673, 7951, 8415,8750, 7722, 8091283 1295 NM_182943 1883 3144, 3823, 3824, 7950, 7025,6032, 8398, 5670, PLOD2 −2.76 7845, 7908003 1296 NM_030769 1884 3446,5244, 8301, 8566, 7329, 6079, 6297, 6185, NPL −2.74 6208, 6540, 5453,5873, 5974, 6575, 8147145 1297 NM_152565 1885 3548, 3146, 7959, 8150,5593, ATP6V0D2 −2.73 8073585 1298 NM_014509 1886 4046, 3113, 3203, 4870,6789, 7257, 7696, 6190 SERHL −2.73 7885, 6148, 8055, 5575, 8059376 1299NM_006216 1887 3235, 4656, 4657, 4658, 6475, 5410, 8093, 7735, SERPINE2−2.70 6860, 7909789 1300 NM_003238 1888 2610, 5188, 5189, 7936, 5882,8554, 5876, TGFB2 −2.68 8139057 1301 NM_014800 1889 2968, 3692, 4045,2861, 3438, 4258, 4520, 4479, ELMO1 −2.68 2801, 2880, 3542, 5280, 5279,8359, 7086, 5936, 6939, 6791, 6584, 7972, 7197, 7051, 6279, 5770, 6974,6770, 7488, 7401, 7549, 6438, 7349, 8144656 1302 BC132945 1890 4115,2976, C8orf49 −2.66 8112615 1303 NM_003633 1891 2731, 4418, 7756, 5853,8481, ENC1 −2.65 8057620 1304 NM_000393 1892 3762, 3939, 7320, 7380,7573, COL5A2 −2.64 7919314 1305 NM_001461 1893 3169, 4740, 4742, 4741,5452, 5926, 6568, 7792 FMO5 −2.63 6924, 7972750 1306 NM_001845 18944195, 4166, 6498, 6735, COL4A1 −2.61 8097513 1307 NM_002413 1895 3025,5261, 8016, 7820, 8094, 5528, 8127, MGST2 −2.60 8169711 1308 NM_0120841896 2899, 3400, 5864, GLUD2 −2.59 8041179 1309 NM_024692 1897 4055,4666, 6910, 6677, 7982, 7631, 5684, 7192, CLIP4 −2.58 6576, 6387, 7420,8380, 8123388 1310 NM_018974 1898 3851, 4738, 4736, 5385, 8261, 6041,8180, 6272, UNC93A −2.57 8155192 1311 NM_022343 1899 3083, 3132, 7426,7611, 7741, 8325, 6925, GLIPR2 −2.54 8127065 1312 NM_000846 1900 4266,4667, 8541, GSTA2 −2.53 7928107 1313 NM_018649 1901 2818, 3965, 5976,7242, H2AFY2 −2.53 8018761 1314 NM_006456 1902 2638, 4437, 5345,ST6GALNAC2 −2.52 7965335 1315 NM_001946 1903 2898, 3562, 3563, 5485,5764, DUSP6 −2.52 7965573 1316 NM_021229 1904 2846, 3957, 6056, 5886,NTN4 −2.50 8006681 1317 NM_005568 1905 2635, 5231, 5430, LHX1 −2.507962427 1318 NM_031292 1906 3592, 4173, 4172, 4174, 6664, 6050, 6684,PUS7L −2.50 8163637 1319 NM_002160 1907 2581, 5293, 6635, 7873, 8072,6170, 6096, 6061, TNC −2.47 5879, 7429, 6261, 6994, 8078286 1320NM_016152 1908 2681, 3505, 4596, 4598, 8684, 7033, 8333, 6707 RARB −2.475820, 6360, 7180, 8014591 1321 NM_000458 1909 2989, 4226, 4915, 5347,6709, 6537, HNF1B −2.46 7970676 1322 NM_001007538 1910 4110, 3758, 5588,SHISA2 −2.45 7902495 1323 NM_144573 1911 3950, 4178, 4987, 5775, 6960,6998, 8177, 6811, NEXN −2.45 5834, 5619, 7685, 5942, 8059852 1324AK301707 1912 4489, 4652, 6889, MSL3L2 −2.43 7954969 1325 NM_0011141821913 3491, 4765, 4766, 4767, 4768, 4769, 7247, 7490, IRAK4 −2.42 6878,6277, 7920291 1326 NM_080388 1914 3782, 2999, 5985, 6066, 6285, 6298,8082, S100A16 −2.40 8140955 1327 NM_001145306 1915 3279, 4773, 4772,5552, 8113, 8064, 7668, 6346, CDK6 −2.40 8105607 1328 NM_001164442 19164893, 7805, 7948, 7918, 8707, 6538, FAM159B −2.40 7921344 1329 NM_0120811917 4573, 4214, 5359, 7416, ELL2 −2.39 8091780 1330 NM_003781 19183474, 2819, 3653, 4514, 2847, 2848, 3036, 3135, B3GALNT1 −2.39 3255,3915, 3916, 3917, 3918, 3919, 8586, 8499, 8324, 5811, 6661, 6367, 8420,8708, 8676, 8027, 7430, 8305, 8658, 7607, 8455, 6477, 8126, 8442, 7637,8007493 1331 NM_001661 1919 3037, 3901, 5663, ARL4D −2.38 8068593 1332NM_005239 1920 3390, 3760, 7144, 5963, 7355, 6033, ETS2 −2.36 81691451333 NM_152423 1921 3142, 4991, 4993, 6316, 5894, 5576, MUM1L1 −2.368013606 1334 NM_000638 1922 2897, 3932, 5348, VTN −2.35 8140668 1335NM_006080 1923 4019, 3973, 5554, 7046, 6980, SEMA3A −2.35 8038981 1336NM_030972 1924 3136, 4861, 4862, 4863, 4864, 5722, ZNF611 −2.34 79448031337 NM_014622 1925 3486, 3642, 3641, 4463, 5983, 7513, 6905, 7593,VWA5A −2.33 6204, 7228, 8099364 1338 NM_053042 1926 3218, 3781, 5718,8226, 8286, 7880, 7968, ZNF518B −2.32 7919193 1339 NM_199040 1927 2810,4694, 3968, 3967, 6935, 5781, NUDT4P1 −2.32 8101304 1340 NM_152545 19284526, 3145, 8395, 5654, 5568, 7781, 8214, 6622, RASGEF1B −2.31 81436431341 NM_022445 1929 3220, 4001, 4002, 8245, 6258, 8436, 7518, 7791, TPK1−2.30 6711, 8095986 1342 NM_005139 1930 2871, 3966, 8438, 8323, 7932,5460, 8713, 8202, ANXA3 −2.29 7789, 8007921 1343 NM_001002841 1931 3053,3703, 2998, 6007, 6931, MYL4 −2.29 7926609 1344 NM_005180 1932 3522,5257, 6836, 7177, 8311, 6490, 6981, 7037, BMI1 −2.29 8773, 6757, 6570,8050240 1345 NM_002539 1933 3273, 2760, 5350, 7567, 7441, 6418, ODC1−2.28 8171161 1346 NM_000047 1934 4099, 4234, 6631, 6722, ARSE −2.288096176 1347 NM_006264 1935 2621, 4579, 4580, 4581, 4582, 6886, 7770,7790, PTPN13 −2.27 7383, 8720, 7840, 6014, 5863, 7589, 8039013 1348NM_203307 1936 3243, 5855, ZNF321 −2.26 7934156 1349 NM_018055 19373088, 4747, 7082, 5642, NODAL −2.26 8138370 1350 NM_020319 1938 3159,5132, 7035, 7445, 7172, 5729, ANKMY2 −2.24 7924107 1351 NM_014873 19393152, 4614, 7821, 6002, 6174, LPGAT1 −2.24 8089011 1352 NM_000313 19402597, 4770, 6690, PROS1 −2.23 8167912 1353 NM_007250 1941 3520, 4810,4811, 7702, 8280, 6724, 6350, 6020, KLF8 −2.23 7947338 1354 NM_0002801942 3805, 4400, 4401, 4402, 6733, 7304, 6876, 7135, PAX6 −2.23 7188,7299, 6953, 7333, 7281, 8690, 7478, 7234, 8432, 7017, 6745, 7558, 5383,8155930 1355 NM_001490 1943 2578, 4156, 4157, 4158, 4159, 4160, 8460,6349, GCNT1 −2.23 8001, 7226, 6641, 8106411 1356 NM_130772 1944 3017,4191, 8752, 5748, S100Z −2.23 8039025 1357 NR_003578 1945 3075, 4190,5550, ZNF702P −2.21 8132167 1358 NM_194300 1946 4108, 4535, 3117, 4495,4212, 7015, 6902, 6655, CCDC129 −2.21 7399, 7356, 7062, 8117, 5731,6766, 8049542 1359 NM_001137550 1947 4662, 7654, LRRFIP1 −2.20 81029121360 NM_015130 1948 4180, 4132, 6423, TBC1D9 −2.20 8008819 1361NM_001005404 1949 3716, 3768, 5719, YPEL2 −2.19 8112668 1362 NM_0165911950 2806, 4600, 5633, GCNT4 −2.18 7970241 1363 NM_000504 1951 2567,2573, 3210, 3246, 4308, 4309, 3935, 7894, F10 −2.18 6670, 7728, 6624,7953, 7352, 6493, 8036389 1364 NM_152279 1952 3196, 4990, 5862, 6596,ZNF585B −2.17 8097529 1365 NM_153702 1953 3416, 5196, 8425, 7800, 5802,8102, 8387, 8257, ELMOD2 −2.16 8391, 7962349 1366 NM_173601 1954 3139,4199, 4198, 7252, 5482, GLT8D3 −2.16 7952601 1367 NM_001162422 19553402, 4871, 4686, 4687, 7425, 5612, 5931, ETS1 −2.16 8001387 1368NM_001127892 1956 4497, 4411, 4078, 6646, 5432, 7163, SALL1 −2.168040163 1369 NM_001039613 1957 3912, 3107, 4261, 4549, 3207, 3482, 3588,3934, IAH1 −2.16 6534, 8330, 8409, 8205, 6128, 8770, 8556, 7901, 8340,8747, 8755, 7721, 8381, 8091, 7817, 5835, 8165672 1370 L23320 1958 2618,RFC1 −2.15 7946288 1371 NM_013249 1959 2781, 4224, 5492, ZNF214 −2.157953665 1372 NM_199286 1960 3455, 3720, 6044, DPPA3 −2.15 8103311 1373NM_000508 1961 2574, 3860, 3861, 6647, 5699, 6582, FGA −2.15 80842061374 NM_032047 1962 2926, 3099, 3434, 3020, 2912, 3182, 3956, 6802,B3GNT5 −2.13 6453, 8375, 8383, 8256, 7811, 7501, 5794, 8221, 7151,8174389 1375 NM_001847 1963 2623, 4165, 4167, 6197, 5733, 6413, 8100,7288, COL4A6 −2.13 7442, 7535, 7918768 1376 NM_198459 1964 3586, 4103,6796, 6943, 8236, 8046, 6164, 7594, DENND2C −2.13 7950885 1377 NM_0121931965 2784, 5289, FZD4 −2.12 8005048 1378 NM_001146313 1966 3740, 4806,4804, 4805, 7259, 6792, 7438, 6345 MYOCD −2.12 6178, 6713, 8101952 1379NM_145244 1967 3382, 5197, 8631, 5514, 8733, DDIT4L −2.12 8111887 1380NM_001005473 1968 4020, 5772, 7331, PLCXD3 −2.11 8113220 1381 NM_0120811969 3398, 4214, 5359, 7416, 8279, 8525, ELL2 −2.10 8114287 1382NM_004598 1970 2804, 3903, 8553, 8505, 6817, 7957, 5469, 8014, SPOCK1−2.10 7754 7955694 1383 NM_002178 1971 3353, 3682, 5662, IGFBP6 −2.098073596 1384 NM_014509 1972 3645, 4046, 4023, 4076, 4075, 4492, 4499,3203 SERHL2 −2.09 7885, 6148, 6161, 6501, 7434, 5747, 5575, 8083779 1385NM_005025 1973 4280, 4350, 4351, 7428, 8534, 7747, 5615, 7839, SERPINI1−2.09 7903, 8121601 1386 NM_153711 1974 3931, 6155, FAM26E −2.08 81691741387 NM_024539 1975 3527, 3478, 3479, 5441, 5712, 6719, RNF128 −2.088117045 1388 NM_153020 1976 3092, 4733, 4735, 4734, 6592, 6373, 5606,8008, RBM24 −2.08 8572, 8110, 7965357 1389 NM_003774 1977 4550, 3393,5235, 6995, GALNT4 −2.08 8162652 1390 NM_001333 1978 3462, 5253, 8071,5450, CTSL2 −2.08 8023528 1391 NM_052947 1979 3413, 4170, 6142, ALPK2−2.07 8069508 1392 ENST00000457997 1980 6891, 6940, ANKRD20B −2.067929388 1393 NM_016341 1981 4217, 4071, 4918, 6138, 5440, 6045, 6266,PLCE1 −2.06 7944082 1394 NM_003186 1982 2895, 3656, 3657, 3038, 7198,5531, 6894, 5715, TAGLN −2.06 8057771 1395 NM_003151 1983 3066, 5299,7451, 8037, 7396, 6374, 6129, 7059 STAT4 −2.06 8595, 6687, 8616, 79077021396 NM_003101 1984 3047, 5308, 5878, 7270, SOAT1 −2.05 7910134 1397NM_031944 1985 2853, 2923, 6314, MIXL1 −2.04 8062823 1398 NM_000457 19863706, 3707, 3708, 4669, 4387, 4383, 2677, 2664, HNF4A −2.04 3125, 4751,3292, 3293, 3294, 3867, 3868, 3866, 6660, 5774, 5653, 6081, 7077, 5571,7633, 8059878 1399 NM_024726 1987 4003, 4483, 2974, 3095, 3137, 3231,3536, 8451, IQCA1 −2.04 6443, 7562, 7057, 8660, 5402, 7302, 7122, 6806,5760, 7624, 7362, 8022817 1400 NM_020805 1988 4494, 3749, 6140, 6012,KLHL14 −2.04 8102862 1401 NM_018717 1989 4377, 4379, 2704, 4531, 2925,4284, 7322, 8019, MAML3 −2.03 7858, 5635, 8096845 1402 NM_001963 19903828, 5114, 5115, 5116, 5500, 7841, 7967, 7927, EGF −2.03 7924663 1403NM_020997 1991 2777, 5273, 5561, 8017, LEFTY1 −2.03 7970381 1404AK057820 1992 2984, 4169, 6891, 6432, 6336, 7704, 6356, 7272, ANKRD20B−2.03 7347, 7922727 1405 NM_001102450 1993 3879, 4223, 3904, 8112, 8121,6042, 8709, 7965, RGS8 −2.03 5447, 5943, 8157090 1406 NM_005421 19944057, 4779, 5674, TAL2 −2.02 8050071 1407 NM_018269 1995 3559, 5111,5637, ADI1 −2.02 7944869 1408 NM_017425 1996 2833, 2894, 4744, 5335,SPA17 −2.01 8127370 1409 NM_152688 42 4263, 4412, 8227, 5521, KHDRBS2−2.01 8113551 1410 NM_002387 43 3412, 4147, 4148, 8175, 8246, 5792,7893, MCC −2.00 Table 12: Provided are the description of thenon-membranal genes along with the sequence identifiers of theAffymetrix probes, the target sequence identified by the Affymetrixprobe, and the mRNA sequences represented by the target sequences. Alsoshown are the log 2 fold change in expression levels of the indicatedgenes between the PDX1-GFP cells and the SOX17-GFP cells (PDX1-SOX17).The (+) or (−) sign means that the genes are upregulated ordownregulated, respectively, in the PDX1-GFP cells as compared to theSOX17-GFP cells.

Identification of Clusters of Genes which are Overexpressed DuringDifferentiation into Pancreatic Cells

The transcriptional profiles of the SOX17⁺ and PDX1⁺ progenitor cellswere compared to profiles of undifferentiated ES cells and ofdifferentiated pancreatic cells. Partek analysis enabled to definedifferent clusters of genes according to their expression patterns(FIGS. 5B-E).

The present inventors have further studied several surface markers thatwere found to be enriched in the PDX1⁺ cells in the microarray analysisand were validated by qPCR analysis. These are the G protein-coupledreceptor 50 (GPR50) and tumor-associated calcium signal transducer 2(TROP-2), whose expression showed a good correlation with PDX1expression (FIG. 6A). Cells from 25 day old EBs were dissociated andwere stained with antibodies specific to TROP-2 and GPR50 and were FACSsorted. Four different populations were obtained: GPR50⁺ TROP-2⁺ (1.9%),GPR50⁺ TROP-2⁻ (20%), GPR50⁻TROP-2⁺ (0.6%) and a negative populationwhich did not express either of these markers (GPR50⁻/TROP-2⁻).Quantitative-PCR analysis revealed an increase in mature pancreaticmarkers, especially in the GPR50⁺TROP-2⁺ population, including aninduction in INSULIN, NGN3, PAX4, HLXB9, NK6 homeobox 1(NKX6.1), and SRYbox 9 (SOX9).

TROP-2 and GPR50 are two exemplary markers of the large number of cellsurface markers that were revealed by the Affymetrix study includingmarkers enriched in the populations of interest as well as markersdepleted in the populations of interest. As shown, these markers can beused in positive selection to enrich for the desired cells. They canalso be used in negative selection to remove cells other than the cellsthat are desired.

The cell surface markers that were identified based on comparativeanalysis between pluripotent undifferentiated hESC, the GFP+ populationfrom the cells bearing the SOX17-GFP construct and the GFP+ populationfrom the cells bearing the PDX1-GFP construct fall into a number ofcategories, all of which can potentially be used forimmuno-purification/immuno-isolation. Following is a short descriptionof these marker groups:

I. Markers that could be Useful to Enrich for Endodermal ProgenitorCells:

Cell surface markers enriched in the SOX17 population relative toundifferentiated hESC;

Cell surface markers depleted in the SOX17 population relative toundifferentiated hESC;

II. Markers that could be Useful to Enrich for Pancreatic ProgenitorCells:

Cell surface markers enriched in the PDX1 population relative toundifferentiated hESC;

Cell surface markers depleted in the PDX1 population relative toundifferentiated hESC;

III. Cell Surface Markers Enriched in the PDX1 Population Relative tothe SOX17 Population.

Without being bound by any theory, these markers would be useful in theevent that two sorting procedures are incorporated into the process ofmanufacturing the therapeutic cell population-one sorting procedure atthe stage of SOX17 expression and a second sorting procedure at thestage of PDX1expression.

IV. Cell Surface Markers Depleted in the PDX1 Population Relative to theSOX17 Population.

In addition, all the cell surface markers above and additional non-cellsurface markers that exhibit similar expression patterns can be used forquality control of replacement islet beta cells for transplant-baseddiabetes treatment during their manufacture.

Example 4 Identification of Stage Specific Markers Using the PARTEKCluster Analysis

The bioinformatic analysis of cell specific markers was a central partof the entire experiment. Key steps in this part were: A. To assignthose genes to a stage specific category; B. To analyze genes related tothe relevant cell component. The present inventors have used the GeneOntology data to include only genes with cell surface and membranalinformation. Stage specific genes were assigned to one of fourcategories: (i). SOX17⁺ specific; (ii). PDX1⁺ specific; (iii).SOX17⁺/PDX1⁺ specific; (iv). PDX1+/Pancreas specific. The generation ofthose specific lists was done by using the PARTEK partition clusteringanalysis (FIG. 7).

Stage and Compartment Specific Gene Identification

Following the PARTEK cluster analysis a further prioritization ofrelevant genes was needed. For this purpose a standard excel analysiswas used. A threshold of Fold Change=2.0 was set (at it is an acceptablethreshold in microarray studies). In addition, the present inventorshave used the Student's test for the gene selection. FIGS. 8-11 presentselected genes for each stage. The entire list appears in Tables 13-20below.

TABLE 13 SOX17 specific cell surface genes SEQ ID NO: SOX17/HESCSOX17/PDX1 SOX17/PANC fold SOX17 SOX17 SOX17 Probe Affy. target nucl.(of Rep. Polyn. SEQ ID NOs: rep. by Gene fold fold fold change vs. vs.vs. set ID SEQ ID NO: Rep. Public ID Public ID) target Symbol changechange change average HESC PDX1 PANC 8029280 1997 NM_020406 2273 3465,2825, 3947, 3744, CD177 9.45 11.14 6.93 9.17 3.9E−04 2.4E−04 1.0E−034962, 4250, 3064, 3545, 3050, 4005, 6408, 6835, 7480, 7938090 1998NM_176875 2274 2809, 5307, 5676, CCKBR 5.81 8.69 9.10 7.87 1.6E−034.5E−04 3.9E−04 8077185 1999 NM_000039 2275 3902, 2762, 6306, 5375,APOA1 7.79 4.01 8.83 6.88 1.2E−02 1.0E−01 1.0E−02 6654, 6990, 79518652000 NM_000039 2276 3902, 2762, 6306, 5375, APOA1 7.44 3.85 8.49 6.591.2E−02 1.0E−01 9.6E−03 6654, 6990, 8052072 2001 NM_000145 2277 4265,5021, 5022, 6252, FSHR 5.19 5.53 6.22 5.65 1.1E−03 8.9E−04 5.8E−04 5713,7612, 7221, 6397, 8058498 2002 NM_003468 2278 2934, 4015, 5838, FZD52.38 4.11 9.65 5.38 1.7E−01 6.3E−02 2.5E−02 8058765 2003 NM_212482 22793732, 3409, 3983, 4677, FN1 4.30 2.39 8.73 5.14 2.9E−04 3.0E−01 1.2E−034679, 3284, 3310, 3403, 3404, 3405, 3406, 4727, 3110, 4551, 4571, 4572,4576, 3822, 3494, 2852, 3620, 3621, 3622, 3623, 3624, 3625, 5996, 7280,7649, 6915, 8364, 8529, 6768, 7398, 5846, 6424, 8736, 8430, 7036, 5993,8153, 8487, 6324, 6771, 6223, 6205, 5539, 6620, 6121, 6206, 8147, 5687,8060850 2004 NM_001200 2280 3900, 6567, BMP2 3.36 5.86 5.66 4.96 1.4E−021.8E−03 2.1E−03 8088560 2005 NM_182920 2281 4100, 3333, 8622, 8439,ADAMTS9 7.20 3.76 3.07 4.67 2.0E−05 1.8E−03 2.8E−04 8457, 6636, 7795,8233, 8784, 8056222 2006 NM_001935 2282 3604, 3605, 4611, 2562, DPP44.32 2.07 6.97 4.45 9.4E−02 3.7E−01 3.6E−02 2570, 3550, 4303, 3611,6918, 6975, 6558, 7617, 8396, 7176, 6249, 7784, 8632, 8468, 8103311 2007NM_000508 2283 2574, 3860, 3861, 6647, FGA 7.36 3.04 2.03 4.15 7.9E−024.1E−02 6.3E−01 5699, 6582, 8021946 2008 NM_130386 2284 2891, 4601,6579, COLEC12 5.08 3.50 3.74 4.10 1.1E−02 3.4E−02 2.7E−02 8162283 2009NM_004560 2285 3804, 4102, 2608, 3151, ROR2 3.51 2.68 5.90 4.03 4.5E−031.1E−02 2.0E−03 3287, 5241, 6393, 7306, 6756, 8135, 8081298 2010NM_032787 2286 3995, 4847, 5470, 7733, GPR128 4.64 4.55 2.52 3.904.5E−02 4.7E−02 1.9E−01 8308, 8445, 8058857 2011 NM_000599 2287 2583,4357, 8723, 5360, IGFBP5 5.34 2.55 3.36 3.75 2.3E−02 1.6E−01 7.7E−028111677 2012 NM_002310 2288 2551, 4403, 4404, 5491, LIFR 4.97 4.00 1.503.49 4.8E−02 7.3E−02 5.8E−01 7187, 7919, 8314, 7758, 7950885 2013NM_012193 2289 2784, 5289, FZD4 4.47 3.91 1.76 3.38 3.0E−02 4.2E−025.0E−01 7963786 2014 NM_002205 2290 3341, 3761, 5661, 6880, ITGA5 4.423.10 2.50 3.34 4.3E−04 2.4E−03 7.7E−03 8149825 2015 NM_003115 2291 2725,3793, 5771, STC1 3.21 2.62 3.23 3.02 8.2E−02 1.4E−01 8.1E−02 79223432016 NM_003326 2292 3222, 4594, 5549, 8171, TNFSF4 2.79 2.70 2.89 2.797.8E−03 9.2E−03 6.5E−03 6071, 8029280 2017 NM_020406 2293 3465, 2825,3947, 3744, CD177 2.43 2.40 2.51 2.44 4.5E−03 4.2E−03 3.4E−03 4962,4250, 3064, 3545, 3050, 4005, 6408, 6835, 7480, 8059067 2018 NM_0021812294 4757, 4992, 5587, IHH 2.06 2.09 2.13 2.09 9.2E−02 8.7E−02 8.1E−02Table 13. Provided are the description of the cell surface genes alongwith the sequence identifiers of the Affymetrix probes, the targetsequence identified by the Affymetrix probe, the polynucleotiderepresented by the target sequence and the Public ID (and SEQ ID NO:) ofthe mRNA sequence representative of the target sequence. “Polyn.” =polynucleotide; “Rep.” = representative; Also shown are the fold changeand T-test p-values for change in expression levels of the indicatedgenes between the SOX17-GFP cells and undifferentiated hESCs(SOX17/HESC); the SOX17-GFP cells and PDX1-GFP cells (SOX17/PDX1); andthe SOX17-GFP cells and the Pancreas cells (SOX17/PANC).

TABLE 14 PDX1 specific cell surface genes Rep. SEQ ID NO: PDX1/HESCPDX1/SOX17 PDX1/PANC PDX1 PDX1 PDX1 Probe set Affy. target nucl. Public(of Rep. Polyn. SEQ ID NOs: rep. by Gene fold fold fold FC vs. vs. vs.ID SEQ ID NO: ID Public ID) target Symbol change change change averageHESC SOX17 PANC 7929373 2019 NM_005097 2295 2745, 4359, 8710, 8593, LGI19.41 4.10 10.86 8.12 2.7E−02 1.0E−01 2.2E−02 6230, 6132, 8165658 2020U18810 2296 2553, 3426, 3422, 6269, VIPR2 4.01 4.29 13.53 7.27 2.1E−012.9E−01 5.1E−02 7915472 2021 NM_006516 2297 4268, 4338, 5901, 6869,SLC2A1 1.77 2.04 16.02 6.61 5.1E−02 2.6E−01 5.2E−04 6399, 8613, 6344,6364, 5884, 7600, 7947156 2022 NM_001135091 2298 3463, 4618, 4620, 4619,MUC15 8.35 7.47 2.59 6.14 4.0E−02 4.6E−02 4.1E−01 5504, 6821, 7005,8135033 2023 ENST00000379442 2299 4894, 7027, MUC12 7.36 4.01 2.56 4.643.5E−02 9.5E−02 2.2E−01 8095303 2024 NM_015236 2300 2842, 4699, 4713,4296, LPHN3 3.77 2.02 8.14 4.64 4.0E−02 2.5E−01 1.6E−02 4285, 8560,7869, 8477, 8293, 8434, 5644, 8571, 8574, 8160, 8174, 5553, 7807, 8297,8402, 8511, 8619, 8139, 8480, 8033674 2025 NM_024690 2301 3192, 3906,7402, 7014, MUC16 4.82 3.99 4.97 4.60 9.6E−02 1.4E−01 9.1E−02 7634,7481, 7918936 2026 NM_024626 2302 2837, 3971, 6218, 6213, VTCN1 6.125.23 2.07 4.47 2.0E−02 4.0E−02 3.9E−01 7307, 8522, 5804, 6025, 81516842027 AL136588 2303 5826, MMP16 2.44 2.18 8.56 4.40 2.5E−02 1.2E−016.4E−04 8145611 2028 NM_017412 2304 2808, 5230, 8548, 5392, FZD3 2.332.96 7.13 4.14 3.9E−03 2.4E−02 1.5E−02 8056184 2029 NM_000888 2305 3091,2830, 8224, 8635, ITGB6 5.53 4.77 1.82 4.04 1.4E−01 1.8E−01 6.1E−015643, 7596, 6710, 8114415 2030 NM_001496 2306 3167, 3584, 7363, 5508,GFRA3 3.92 4.05 3.49 3.82 1.5E−02 1.8E−02 2.2E−02 8170476 2031 NM_0042242307 2669, 4964, 5346, GPR50 2.51 1.70 7.24 3.81 2.2E−03 1.1E−01 9.7E−048088919 2032 NM_133631 2308 2713, 3930, 3948, 4146, ROBO1 1.93 3.79 4.743.49 3.6E−02 9.4E−03 1.3E−02 3949, 4391, 4683, 3115, 4548, 4716, 4797,4798, 5105, 6728, 8746, 5966, 7836, 8600, 7464, 8561, 6404, 8251, 6433,7621, 8083968 2033 NM_014932 2309 4961, 2776, 3071, 4307, NLGN1 2.493.63 4.30 3.48 1.5E−02 7.4E−03 3.8E−03 3297, 6467, 7268, 7261, 7427,6874, 7249, 6559, 6760, 8521, 5935, 8035304 2034 NM_004335 2310 3090,2805, 5403, 7124, BST2 4.49 2.36 3.52 3.46 5.8E−02 3.7E−01 1.1E−018135033 2035 ENST00000379442 2311 4894, 7027, MUC12 4.59 2.70 2.87 3.394.1E−02 1.5E−01 1.1E−01 8160823 2036 NM_147164 2312 2568, 5285, 5284,6097, CNTFR 4.25 2.81 2.87 3.31 2.3E−02 1.4E−01 1.8E−01 6693, 6678,8034783 2037 NM_001008701 2313 2841, 4650, 4651, 5915, LPHN1 1.72 1.836.32 3.29 1.0E−03 1.2E−01 3.9E−05 5875, 8146863 2038 NM_001128205 23143240, 4424, 4425, 4426, SULF1 3.46 4.15 1.86 3.16 1.1E−01 1.2E−013.9E−01 4427, 6483, 8782, 7482, 6383, 5417, 8047788 2039 NM_003812 23154109, 4113, 4530, 2862, ADAM23 1.50 1.55 6.27 3.11 2.7E−02 1.1E−011.4E−03 2734, 3877, 7431, 7068, 6740, 7531, 5501, 8118890 2040 NM_1527532316 3214, 3300, 5524, 6429, SCUBE3 3.05 2.37 3.23 2.88 1.0E−01 2.0E−019.0E−02 7928429 2041 NM_002658 2317 3397, 4752, 4753, 6308, PLAU 2.313.69 2.63 2.88 3.7E−04 4.8E−03 2.0E−02 6729, 8322, 7727, 8611, 6028,6300, 8374, 7952526 2042 NM_016952 2318 3857, 4137, 6357, 5459, CDON2.51 2.00 4.00 2.84 5.4E−02 1.1E−01 7.5E−02 8094301 2043 NM_004787 23192748, 2765, 3985, 4678, SLIT2 2.35 3.57 2.55 2.82 4.4E−01 3.2E−014.1E−01 3436, 2744, 2767, 8366, 7786, 6676, 7740, 5522, 8033, 7772,7956, 8641, 8725, 8135915 2044 NM_013332 2320 2771, 4188, 4189, 8677,C7orf68 2.08 2.50 2.60 2.40 2.1E−02 3.1E−02 8.3E−02 7435, 5442, 6618,7939, 7926545 2045 NM_032812 2321 3459, 3535, 6338, 7091, PLXDC2 2.132.18 2.09 2.13 1.7E−01 2.1E−01 2.2E−01 7374, Table 14. Provided are thedescription of the cell surface genes along with the sequenceidentifiers of the Affymetrix probes, the target sequence identified bythe Affymetrix probe, the polynucleotide represented by the targetsequence and the Public ID (and SEQ ID NO:) of the mRNA sequencerepresentative of the target sequence. “Polyn.” = polynucleotide; “Rep.”= representative; Also shown are the fold change and T-test p-values forchange in expression levels of the indicated genes between the PDX1-GFPcells and undifferentiated hESCs (PDX1/HESC); the PDX1-GFP cells andSOX17-GFP cells (PDX1/SOX17); and the PDX1-GFP cells and the Pancreascells (PDX1/PANC).

TABLE 15 SOX17 and PDX1 specific cell surface Polyn. SOX17/ Rep. SEQ IDNO: SEQ ID PDX1/PANC SOX17/PANC HESC PDX1/HESC PDX11 PDX1 SOX17 SOX17Probe Affy. target nucl. Public (of Rep. NOs: rep. Gene fold fold foldfold FC vs. vs. vs. vs. set ID SEQ ID NO: ID Public ID) by target Symbolchange change change change average HESC PANC HESC PANC 8056611 2046NM_004525 2322 2684, LRP2 11.62 8.04 5.82 8.40 8.47 4.0E−05 1.1E−041.2E−01 7.9E−02 4119, 5456, 8262, 8022176 2047 NM_005559 2323 4685,LAMA1 9.23 16.26 3.68 2.09 7.82 3.1E−02 2.6E−03 2.8E−02 3.6E−03 5278,8564, 7980, 8761, 6083, 7657, 8175234 2048 NM_004484 2324 3157, GPC36.29 12.26 6.24 3.20 7.00 7.0E−02 3.7E−02 5.5E−02 3.2E−02 4899, 4900,4901, 4902, 7303, 7576, 6111, 7929373 2049 NM_005097 2325 2745, LGI110.86 2.65 2.29 9.41 6.30 2.7E−02 2.2E−02 9.0E−03 3.6E−03 4359, 8710,8593, 6230, 6132, 8058765 2050 NM_212482 2326 3732, FN1 3.65 8.73 4.301.80 4.62 4.7E−01 1.7E−01 2.9E−04 1.2E−03 3409, 3983, 4677, 4679, 3284,3310, 3403, 3404, 3405, 3406, 4727, 3110, 4551, 4571, 4572, 4576, 3822,3494, 2852, 3620, 3621, 3622, 3623, 3624, 3625, 5996, 7280, 7649, 6915,8364, 8529, 6768, 7398, 5846, 6424, 8736, 8430, 7036, 5993, 8153, 8487,6324, 6771, 6223, 6205, 5539, 6620, 6121, 6206, 8147, 5687, 8095303 2051NM_015236 2327 2842, LPHN3 8.14 4.02 1.86 3.77 4.45 4.0E−02 1.6E−021.5E−01 3.7E−02 4699, 4713, 4296, 4285, 8560, 7869, 8477, 8293, 8434,5644, 8571, 8574, 8160, 8174, 5553, 7807, 8297, 8402, 8511, 8619, 8139,8480, 8097910 2052 NM_005141 2328 3895, FGB 3.34 4.95 5.54 3.74 4.392.4E−01 3.3E−01 2.3E−01 2.9E−01 5121, 5122, 8372, 7847, 5858, 8448,6585, 8337, 8095110 2053 NM_000222 2329 3646, KIT 4.19 8.30 3.08 1.564.28 4.9E−03 2.4E−04 5.9E−02 8.4E−03 4153, 4152, 5648, 8162, 80562222054 NM_001935 2330 3604, DPP4 3.37 6.97 4.32 2.09 4.19 2.2E−01 1.6E−011.5E−01 1.1E−01 3605, 4611, 2562, 2570, 3550, 4303, 3611, 6918, 6975,6558, 7617, 8396, 7176, 6249, 7784, 8632, 8468, 8167835 2055NM_001039705 2331 2908, TRO 3.40 4.69 2.20 1.60 2.97 5.1E−04 6.3E−057.6E−02 1.0E−02 2909, 2910, 2911, 3329, 4523, 4561, 2927, 3265, 3266,3938, 6828, 7971, 8198, 6749, 7539, 6497, 5600, 6368, 6521, 6543, 7262,6752, 7979, 7021, 6782, 7644, 6999, 7279, 6597, 5857, 7072, 7725, 5327,8749, 7136, 7944869 2056 NM_017425 2332 2833, SPA17 2.63 3.76 3.08 2.152.90 2.3E−01 1.4E−01 3.2E−02 1.6E−02 2894, 4744, 5335, 8081001 2057NM_002942 2333 4181, ROBO2 3.08 2.63 2.60 3.05 2.84 2.5E−02 2.4E−025.4E−02 5.3E−02 5144, 5143, 7229, 7140, 7162, 7040, 8742, 7889, 79767832058 NM_003836 2334 4273, DLK1 3.61 2.14 1.89 3.19 2.71 6.3E−04 2.0E−021.2E−03 8.4E−02 4994, 6774, 5796, 6319, Table 15. Provided are thedescription of the cell surface genes along with the sequenceidentifiers of the Affymetrix probes, the target sequence identified bythe Affymetrix probe, the polynucleotide represented by the targetsequence and the Public ID (and SEQ ID NO:) of the mRNA sequencerepresentative of the target sequence. “Polyn.” = polynucleotide; “Rep.”= representative; Also shown are the fold change and T-test p-values forchange in expression levels of the indicated genes between the PDX1-GFPcells and the Pancreas cells (PDX1/PANC); SOX17-GFP cells and thePancreas cells (SOX17/PANC); SOX17-GFP cells and undifferentiated hESCs(PDX1/HESC); the PDX1-GFP cells and undifferentiated hESCs (PDX1/HESC).

TABLE 16 PDX1 and Pancreas specific cell surface PDX1/ PANC/ Rep. Polyn.SEQ HESC PDX1/SOX17 PANC/SOX17 HESC PDX1 PDX1 PANC PANC Affy. targetnucl. Public ID NOs: rep. Gene fold fold fold fold FC vs. vs. vs. vs.Probe Set ID SEQ ID NO: ID SEQ ID NO: by target Symbol change changechange change average HESC SOX17 HESC SOX17 8115147 2059 NM_0010251592335 2996, 5297, CD74 2.79 2.22 12.88 16.18 8.52 2.8E−02 2.8E−02 2.6E−034.9E−03 5295, 5296, 7571, 5325, 8303, 8172, 8179, 8156, 6067, 8367,8576, 7868, 7947156 2060 NM_001135091 2336 3463, 4618, MUC15 8.35 7.472.89 3.22 5.48 4.6E−02 4.6E−02 1.9E−01 2.3E−01 4620, 4619, 5504, 6821,7005, 7996081 2061 NM_201524 2337 3334, 4786, GPR56 4.74 3.21 5.30 7.825.27 1.5E−01 1.5E−01 8.2E−04 5.7E−03 4787, 4788, 4789, 4790, 4791, 4792,4793, 6472, 7052, 6947, 6626, 7618, 7916584 2062 NM_002353 2338 2675,4337, TACSTD2 2.77 2.65 6.30 6.58 4.57 1.9E−02 1.9E−02 7.8E−02 9.1E−026094, (TROP- 2) 7918936 2063 NM_024626 2339 2837, 3971, VTCN1 6.12 5.232.52 2.95 4.21 4.0E−02 4.0E−02 1.4E−01 2.3E−01 6218, 6213, 7307, 8522,5804, 6025, 8056184 2064 NM_000888 2340 3091, 2830, ITGB6 5.53 4.77 2.623.04 3.99 1.8E−01 1.8E−01 1.1E−01 1.7E−01 8224, 8635, 5643, 7596, 6710,8156134 2065 NM_006180 2341 3803, 3756, NTRK2 3.42 3.52 4.32 4.20 3.871.5E−01 1.5E−01 2.6E−04 4.0E−03 4629, 4630, 3840, 3841, 7335, 5675,5488, 5700, 5977, 6773, 7194, 6916, 6615, 8095744 2066 NM_001657 23422941, 3130, AREG 3.27 2.86 3.81 4.36 3.57 1.7E−01 1.7E−01 4.9E−027.2E−02 6586, 5463, 6936, 8081686 2067 NM_033254 2343 2900, 3458, BOC4.26 2.87 2.32 3.44 3.22 1.0E−01 1.0E−01 4.1E−02 1.8E−01 4375, 3408,2980, 3094, 3128, 3691, 4325, 3512, 7851, 7097, 8462, 8015, 8182, 8307,8026, 7628, 7853, 5922, 7736, 5497, 8579, 8046695 2068 NM_000885 23442653, 3850, ITGA4 2.24 2.71 3.61 3.00 2.89 2.9E−02 2.9E−02 2.2E−022.1E−02 4838, 4839, 4840, 4841, 4842, 4843, 4844, 7580, 7623, 8157,8345, 8766, 7537, 7987, 8342, 8492, 7961151 2069 NM_007360 2345 4264,2991, KLRK1 2.51 2.29 3.05 3.34 2.80 7.9E−02 7.9E−02 6.9E−02 8.2E−023980, 5238, 5378, 6831, 5634, Table 16. Provided are the description ofthe cell surface genes along with the sequence identifiers of theAffymetrix probes, the target sequence identified by the Affymetrixprobe, the polynucleotide represented by the target sequence and thePublic ID (and SEQ ID NO:) of the mRNA sequence representative of thetarget sequence. “Polyn.” = polynucleotide; “Rep.” = representative;Also shown are the fold change and T-test p-values for change inexpression levels of the indicated genes between the PDX1-GFP cells andundifferentiated hESCs (PDX1/HESC); the PDX1-GFP cells and SOX17-GFPcells (PDX1/SOX17); the Pancreas cells and SOX17 cells (PANC/SOX17); andthe Pancreas cells and the hESCs (PANC/HESC);

TABLE 17 SOX17 specific putative cell surface genes SEQ ID Affy. NO:target (of nucl. Rep. SOX17/ SOX17/ SOX17/ SEQ Rep. Pub- Polyn. HESCPDX1 PANC FC SOX17 SOX17 SOX17 Probe ID Public lic SEQ ID NOs: Gene foldfold fold aver- vs. vs. vs. set ID NO: ID ID) rep. by target Symbolchange change change age HESC PDX1 PANC 8065412 2070 NM_001898 23463369, 3033, 5734, CST1 8.15 10.57 155.94 58.22 0.0006 0.1703 0.00016511, 7927631 2071 NM_012242 2347 3471, 3796, 7543, DKK1 12.95 7.5273.19 31.22 0.0004 0.0534 0.0002 8463, 8242, 5959, 8152617 2072NM_005328 2348 2676, 4348, 5843, HAS2 4.17 5.70 73.73 27.86 0.01910.0616 0.0009 6409, 7921834 2073 NM_001643 2349 2901, 2758, 6253, APOA217.82 4.25 45.73 22.60 0.0032 0.3017 0.0010 8161, 7460, 7113, 8544,6696, 7530, 7963, 6627, 6449, 8022674 2074 NM_001792 2350 3134, 4668,5546, CDH2 2.39 2.80 61.48 22.22 0.0457 0.1237 0.0002 7957140 2075NM_003667 2351 2732, 3193, 6795, LGR5 7.91 8.46 32.45 16.28 0.00130.0713 0.0001 5509, 8095646 2076 NM_001134 2352 3041, 2756, 7886, AFP8.81 2.45 30.64 13.97 0.1268 0.6168 0.0390 7273, 8047, 8272, 80650712077 NM_198391 2353 2812, 5172, 5173, FLRT3 9.61 5.74 24.40 13.25 0.00510.0774 0.0017 5918, 7056, 6380, 8050619 2078 NM_000384 2354 2558, 3976,5351, APOB 17.42 3.68 15.61 12.24 0.0141 0.3073 0.0164 8172670 2079NM_001013742 2355 3778, 5274, 6444, DGKK 9.55 8.75 14.66 10.99 0.02270.0287 0.0133 7997188 2080 NM_005143 2356 3893, 4016, 4018, HP 7.7014.45 4.02 8.72 0.0000 0.0003 0.0848 2580, 2622, 2977, 2992, 3453, 3617,4365, 4366, 6921, 6310, 6000, 6001, 8166747 2081 NM_138780 2357 3411,4887, 4885, SYTL5 13.15 7.21 4.94 8.44 0.0348 0.0865 0.1644 4886, 5912,6888, 5629, 7977786 2082 NM_003982 2358 2789, 5292, 5291, SLC7A7 6.696.71 5.99 6.46 0.0520 0.0694 0.0685 7158, 7255, 5870, 8255, 6471, 7642,8020795 2083 NM_000371 2359 2722, 4730, 6739, TTR 14.97 2.62 1.70 6.430.0295 0.5580 0.7566 5362, 8057506 2084 NM_001463 2360 2679, 5106, 5695,FRZB 3.96 2.12 13.08 6.39 0.0323 0.2374 0.0095 8121916 2085 NM_0327842361 3018, 3878, 6102, RSPO3 9.02 2.83 6.85 6.24 0.0361 0.4235 0.06936281, 8688, 8155930 2086 NM_001490 2362 2578, 4156, 4157, GCNT1 3.132.82 12.65 6.20 0.0322 0.0469 0.0024 4158, 4159, 4160, 8460, 6349, 8001,7226, 6641, 8151341 2087 NM_007332 2363 4060, 8269, 5433, TRPA1 6.015.25 6.96 6.07 0.0138 0.0181 0.0118 8143534 2088 NM_000420 2364 2886,2987, 6934, KEL 5.85 3.84 7.89 5.86 0.0101 0.0277 0.0058 8187, 8288,6818, 6144, 8559, 7976858 2089 NM_001362 2365 2990, 4161, 8265, DIO34.61 5.01 7.09 5.57 0.0164 0.0135 0.0069 6088, 8171472 2090 NM_0206652366 2960, 4942, 6430, TMEM27 4.68 4.58 7.38 5.55 0.0062 0.0088 0.00318029536 2091 NM_001645 2367 3322, 3714, 5431, APOC1 3.42 3.05 9.63 5.370.1049 0.1256 0.0172 8059279 2092 NM_004438 2368 3926, 3577, 6427, EPHA43.81 2.77 9.52 5.36 0.0070 0.0234 0.0083 7497, 5543, 8103415 2093NM_001128424 2369 3395, 4433, 4434, C4orf18 7.34 5.08 3.39 5.27 0.00840.1540 0.0567 4435, 7152, 7195, 5766, 5649, 8155192 2094 NM_022343 23703083, 3132, 7426, GLIPR2 3.24 6.10 6.17 5.17 9.69E−02 2.99E−02 3.47E−027611, 7741, 8325, 6925, 8097449 2095 NM_032961 2371 2914, 2936, 2935,PCDH10 2.82 2.41 9.33 4.85 2.75E−02 2.95E−01 2.51E−03 7099, 5512, 8691,7970241 2096 NM_000504 2372 2567, 2573, 3210, F10 6.85 3.59 3.89 4.771.83E−02 9.73E−02 5.48E−02 3246, 4308, 4309, 3935, 7894, 6670, 7728,6624, 7953, 7352, 6493, 8127193 2097 NM_021073 2373 2611, 3202, 5997,BMP5 7.19 2.33 4.68 4.73 1.45E−02 3.43E−01 4.07E−02 7150, 7919314 2098NM_001461 2374 3169, 4740, 4742, FMO5 6.01 6.14 1.82 4.66 2.69E−022.24E−02 4.69E−01 4741, 5452, 5926, 6568, 7792, 6924, 7968872 2099NM_013238 2375 3842, 3846, 7013, DNAJC15 3.99 4.94 4.96 4.63 1.82E−023.52E−02 1.17E−02 8073, 7942332 2100 NM_016730 2376 2548, 4931, 4932,FOLR1 5.10 2.93 5.60 4.54 1.56E−02 7.53E−02 1.31E−02 4933, 4934, 5730,7111, 7703, 7300, 8147030 2101 NM_007029 2377 4711, 5225, 5342, STMN24.91 2.31 6.26 4.49 4.21E−03 2.20E−01 1.10E−02 7901316 2102 NM_0011351812378 4682, 4626, 4627, SLC5A9 4.12 4.66 4.70 4.49 3.29E−02 2.49E−022.98E−02 6649, 6403, 7403, 7829, 6781, 6361, 8167287 2103 NM_022825 23792854, 2855, 2856, PORCN 4.41 3.25 5.77 4.47 5.07E−03 1.25E−02 3.33E−032857, 4728, 2616, 4468, 2979, 2983, 3366, 3574, 3575, 3573, 3576, 5975,8479, 5883, 6961, 5689, 8317, 8547, 6074, 7887, 5982, 7832, 6053, 6535,8105013 2104 NM_152403 2380 3530, 5277, 5276, EGFLAM 4.32 4.61 4.31 4.412.36E−02 2.67E−02 6.88E−02 5275, 6119, 5859, 8466, 5742, 6783, 8384,6717, 7825, 8629, 8422, 7942, 6265, 8059955 2105 NM_022449 2381 3268,4986, 4985, RAB17 2.97 5.62 4.64 4.41 9.80E−02 2.73E−02 5.52E−02 7579,8393, 6896, 6505, 7240, 5533, 8065416 2106 NM_001322 2382 3515, 3034,5782, CST2 4.29 3.10 5.27 4.22 1.11E−03 8.10E−02 6.18E−04 8073633 2107NM_025225 2383 3547, 2988, 7337, PNPLA3 2.32 2.76 7.56 4.21 1.20E−018.06E−02 1.41E−02 5314, 8107, 8426, 8175288 2108 NM_019556 2384 2903,2824, 6997, MOSPD1 2.05 3.50 6.98 4.18 6.67E−02 1.46E−02 2.67E−03 8283,6003, 6290, 7788, 7752, 5881, 8139057 2109 NM_014800 2385 2968, 3692,4045, ELMO1 5.57 4.60 2.36 4.18 1.38E−02 1.85E−02 2.21E−01 2861, 3438,4258, 4520, 4479, 2801, 2880, 3542, 5280, 5279, 8359, 7086, 5936, 6939,6791, 6584, 7972, 7197, 7051, 6279, 5770, 6974, 6770, 7488, 7401, 7549,6438, 7349, 8022666 2110 NM_031422 2386 3460, 4937, 5865, CHST9 3.682.03 6.76 4.16 9.17E−02 2.98E−01 4.17E−02 7924342 2111 NM_018713 23873493, 3718, 6268, SLC30A10 4.77 3.28 4.38 4.15 3.27E−02 7.14E−024.01E−02 6130, 8273, 8216, 7993588 2112 NM_024847 2388 3156, 4846, 4845,TMC7 3.45 2.13 6.80 4.13 8.15E−02 2.29E−01 2.94E−02 5727, 7486, 81446562113 BC132945 2389 4115, 2976, C8orf49 4.28 4.29 3.78 4.12 1.72E−021.62E−02 2.23E−02 8111234 2114 NM_004061 2390 3260, 4595, 7174, CDH124.25 3.48 4.28 4.01 4.39E−02 6.74E−02 4.30E−02 8759, 8207, 8652, 8503,7723, 8276, 8113358 2115 NM_005668 2391 3302, 4599, 3244, ST8SIA4 3.695.57 2.70 3.99 4.46E−02 2.36E−02 1.69E−01 7055, 7738, 5386, 8090823 2116NM_005630 2392 2724, 4396, 7489, SLCO2A1 5.26 3.69 2.94 3.96 5.59E−021.74E−01 1.69E−01 6355, 8401, 8414, 8074, 5640, 8121144 2117 NM_0246412393 4179, 5290, 6156, MANEA 4.38 3.33 4.07 3.93 4.95E−03 4.71E−024.99E−03 5952, 8006, 7964602 2118 NM_153377 2394 3457, 3537, 4639, LRIG33.70 4.41 3.36 3.82 5.09E−02 4.70E−02 7.91E−02 5656, 6683, 7048, 81119982119 NM_021072 2395 3252, 5301, 5807, HCN1 3.60 3.20 4.59 3.80 3.66E−025.55E−02 2.73E−02 8111387 2120 NM_030955 2396 2863, 3711, 8350, ADAMTS123.27 2.68 5.03 3.66 3.37E−02 6.13E−02 3.57E−02 8347, 7769, 6108, 8583,7948058 2121 NM_004476 2397 3060, 3615, 2779, FOLH1 3.84 3.34 3.70 3.635.45E−02 8.44E−02 5.93E−02 2843, 3871, 2598, 4703, 4705, 4140, 4138,2773, 3026, 3280, 5177, 5176, 2766, 5178, 3821, 6173, 5921, 6307, 5425,6469, 6968, 8098041 2122 NM_018342 2398 2802, 3163, 3170, TMEM144 4.832.59 3.36 3.59 4.76E−02 1.51E−01 8.13E−02 3261, 3319, 3506, 3267, 4584,8697, 8424, 5686, 8259, 8744, 8370, 7977, 8192, 7923, 7849, 8039, 7954,8413, 7830, 8013606 2123 NM_000638 2399 2897, 3932, 5348, VTN 5.44 2.522.78 3.58 3.57E−02 2.92E−01 1.39E−01 7913237 2124 NM_018584 2400 3291,4040, 7514, CAMK2N1 5.38 2.04 2.93 3.45 2.99E−03 1.68E−01 1.56E−02 8167,7972297 2125 NM_005845 2401 3298, 4237, 4238, ABCC4 3.94 2.02 4.33 3.433.04E−02 1.61E−01 2.42E−02 6825, 6506, 6826, 6736, 7298, 8094520 2126NM_032456 2402 2723, 5014, 5015, PCDH7 2.10 2.44 5.60 3.38 6.57E−033.94E−02 3.10E−04 2937, 5262, 5768, 5971, 7911273 2127 NM_001004696 24033717, 6107, OR2T4 3.58 3.35 3.17 3.37 1.66E−02 2.69E−02 2.30E−02 81233882128 NM_018974 2404 3851, 4738, 4736, UNC93A 2.39 3.04 4.59 3.343.61E−02 2.35E−02 5.64E−03 5385, 8261, 6041, 8180, 6272, 7902235 2129NM_020794 2405 2985, 3272, 3712, LRRC7 4.47 2.42 2.94 3.27 4.41E−031.18E−01 1.57E−02 4096, 4697, 4027, 5312, 5716, 5818, 7008, 6195, 6139,8145736 2130 NM_013958 2406 2651, 4050, 4820, NRG1 2.76 2.44 4.60 3.263.01E−03 3.23E−02 2.10E−03 4824, 4825, 4826, 4827, 4828, 4829, 4830,4823, 4821, 4822, 4831, 4832, 4833, 4834, 4835, 5786, 8022, 8533, 5741,6039, 6077, 7952, 8077, 7456, 5800, 5979, 7905, 8268, 8671, 8174389 2131NM_033641 2407 2623, 4165, 4167, COL4A6 2.45 2.49 4.84 3.26 8.73E−028.17E−02 1.62E−02 6197, 5733, 6413, 8100, 7288, 7442, 7535, 7947512 2132NM_015430 2408 3786, 3701, 3702, PAMR1 4.04 2.34 3.37 3.25 1.98E−021.39E−01 4.14E−02 6790, 5537, 6920, 8154135 2133 NM_004170 2409 3070,5025, 5401, SLC1A1 2.42 3.71 3.59 3.24 2.52E−01 1.18E−01 1.28E−01 7218,8331, 8089011 2134 NM_000313 2410 2597, 4770, 6690, PROS1 3.68 3.53 2.453.22 5.10E−02 5.29E−02 1.40E−01 8118209 2135 NM_019101 2411 2785, 3005,2797, APOM 3.46 2.22 3.77 3.15 2.08E−01 3.99E−01 1.84E−01 3131, 7568,7419, 7154, 6913, 7443, 7676, 7525, 6531, 7361, 7365, 7639, 7323, 7713,7039, 6734, 7139, 6637, 6503, 6767, 6861, 6765, 8045664 2136 NM_1779642412 3039, 3538, 8714, LYPD6B 3.68 2.06 3.60 3.12 3.42E−02 2.45E−013.90E−02 5464, 7286, 6455, 7123, 7806, 7494, 8341, 7067, 6613, 80046912137 NM_203411 2413 3456, 3564, 5821, TMEM88 2.64 2.18 4.46 3.091.78E−01 3.55E−01 1.06E−01 7921702 2138 NM_080878 2414 3464, 3488, 6169,ITLN2 2.45 2.26 4.52 3.08 2.29E−02 5.63E−02 3.65E−03 7935, 8767, 81322502139 NM_133468 2415 3324, 4608, 8606, BMPER 2.95 2.80 3.43 3.06 1.67E−021.55E−02 6.52E−02 5589, 7995, 6712, 6435, 7169, 8472, 8132347 2140NM_181791 2416 3313, 3318, 6342, GPR141 2.93 2.87 2.84 2.88 1.22E−011.27E−01 1.25E−01 5701, 6692, 8119898 2141 NM_001025366 2417 3808, 4966,4967, VEGFA 3.81 2.14 2.02 2.66 8.92E−03 1.74E−01 8.31E−02 4968, 4969,4970, 4971, 4972, 4973, 4974, 4975, 4976, 4977, 4978, 4979, 4980, 4981,8712, 5968, 6175, 7640, 5961, 5690, 7243, 8549, 6759, 6136, 7716, 8136,8355, 8159, 8018, 7079, 8270, 8120, 7866, 8507, 8066, 7946, Table 17.Provided are the description of the putative cell surface genes alongwith the sequence identifiers of the Affymetrix probes, the targetsequence identified by the Affymetrix probe, the polynucleotiderepresented by the target sequence and the Public ID (and SEQ ID NO:) ofthe mRNA sequence representative of the target sequence. “Polyn.” =polynucleotide; “Rep.” = representative; Also shown are the fold changeand T-test p-values for change in expression levels of the indicatedgenes between the SOX17-GFP cells and undifferentiated hESCs(SOX17/HESC); the SOX17-GFP cells and PDX1-GFP cells (SOX17/PDX1); andthe SOX17-GFP cells and the Pancreas cells (SOX17/PANC).

TABLE 18 PDX1 specific putative cell surface genes Affy. target SEQ IDNO: Probe nucl. SEQ Rep. (of Rep. Polyn. SEQ ID NOs: Gene PDX1/HESC setID ID NO: Public ID Public ID) rep. by target Symbol fold change 79890732142 NM_173814 2418 3710, 4778, 6379, PRTG 17.99 8135774 2143 NM_0028512419 2599, 3943, 7457, PTPRZ1 1.82 8030, 7815, 8011, 8237, 7646, 81099262144 NM_014211 2420 3898, 4597, 7818, GABRP 10.28 8036, 8604, 8494,8777, 8597, 5487, 7963970 2145 NM_006928 2421 3105, 5245, 6941, SILV3.32 6287, 8020384 2146 AK293321 2422 4467, 2876, 4295, KIAA1772 12.924675, 7359, 7061, 5529, 7232, 8169061 2147 NM_000533 2423 3671, 3836,3741, PLP1 3.49 3742, 2596, 2595, 2588, 4267, 4502, 4503, 2878, 4324,4329, 4438, 3554, 3553, 8469, 6590, 7115, 7231, 7458, 6933, 7196, 7209,8108, 8781, 8623, 8141, 8486, 7855, 5832, 8385, 5923, 8694, 6335, 7709,6348, 8343, 7178, 7629, 7953873 2148 BX647938 2424 3414, 3204, 8476,OVOS 3.13 8450, 8112971 2149 NM_001884 2425 2661, 3452, 4443, HAPLN14.27 8313, 8478, 8578, 8217, 5490, 8326, 8275, 8128284 2150 NM_0044402426 2636, 4616, 6203, EPHA7 2.00 6224, 7953532 2151 NM_001975 24273363, 2973, 5374, ENO2 2.71 8108697 2152 NM_015669 2428 2872, 2931,5379, PCDHB5 1.92 7953873 2153 BX647938 2429 3414, 3204, 8476, OVOS 2.968450, 7957338 2154 NM_005639 2430 3480, 4632, 4633, SYT1 2.87 4634,7165, 5424, 6857, 7972259 2155 NM_001922 2431 2627, 4441, 4442, DCT 6.216478, 8000, 7156, 7726, 6808, 8056, 8113356 2156 AK172782 2432 3609,GPAM 5.84 7972239 2157 NM_032229 2433 3864, 3532, 6395, SLITRK6 5.148021245 2158 NM_005215 2434 4508, 4919, 7276, DCC 5.58 5767, 6546,7968678 2159 NM_207361 2435 3444, 4093, 5476, FREM2 5.40 7899, 80181142160 NM_001144952 2436 2814, 4748, 7774, SDK2 5.29 5765, 6851, 6326,8128001 2161 NM_000735 2437 2949, 5306, 5947, CGA 5.24 8004545 2162NM_001678 2438 2604, 3681, 5449, ATP1B2 5.83 8140686 2163 NM_152754 24393466, 3557, 8721, SEMA3D 5.79 5583, 8108753 2164 NM_018935 2440 3191,2929, 5380, PCDHB15 4.40 7996837 2165 NM_004360 2441 4149, 4182, 2614,CDH1 2.09 4278, 4556, 2794, 2795, 4415, 4294, 4315, 4347, 5506, 7453,5404, 7133, 7929822 2166 NM_003393 2442 3013, 4006, 6207, WNT8B 4.758168517 2167 NM_005296 2443 3834, 4756, 7854, LPAR4 1.95 5927, 79940262168 NM_130464 2444 3833, 4524, 5020, NPIPL3 5.42 4635, 3908, 7496,7414, 7388, 6046, 6948, 7475, 6819, 8569, 5650, 6371, 7765, 6554, 6829,5907, 7686, 6199, 8130, 8706, 8211, 7864, 8046895 2169 NM_177454 24454274, 4070, 5467, FAM171B 3.56 5763, 8143144 2170 NM_002825 2446 2905,3560, 6250, PTN 2.21 7929779 2171 NM_000392 2447 2682, 4397, 7717, ABCC25.16 5949, 5908, 8100870 2172 NM_014243 2448 4101, 5286, 8348, ADAMTS33.79 5586, 8141843 2173 NM_006989 2449 5151, 5150, 7699, RASA4 5.775542, 6353, 8030448 2174 NM_001136052 2450 3049, 5236, 5237, CPT1C 3.107371, 6022, 7446, 5780, 5691, 8078014 2175 NM_003043 2451 3914, 4382,4385, SLC6A6 1.83 4527, 2650, 2637, 3349, 4300, 4293, 4603, 3999, 4602,6095, 6731, 7138, 7680, 7533, 7619, 7898, 7128, 6509, 7006, 8108688 2176NM_018937 2452 2924, 2930, 5388, PCDHB3 3.94 8006336 2177 NM_052888 24533521, 3984, 4680, LRRC37B 4.03 4511, 4567, 4302, 3733, 5844, 6194, 7424,7959025 2178 NM_001109903 2454 3352, 4242, 4243, RNFT2 2.20 5418, 5592,7222, 7129, 8051785 2179 NM_133329 2455 3647, 5227, 5228, KCNG3 1.995783, 7561, 8083166 2180 NM_003304 2456 2670, 3955, 8655, TRPC1 2.518076, 5551, 6798, 7437, 8049128 2181 NM_031313 2457 2557, 4233, 5696,ALPPL2 3.77 8148962 2182 NM_001005504 2458 4378, 4092, 3719, OR4F21 3.523723, 3734, 5799, 7532, 5680, 6665, 7961, 8006433 2183 NM_002982 24592971, 3759, 5331, CCL2 4.78 7956522 2184 AF063608 2460 2859, 7555, KIF5A1.94 8033818 2185 NM_058164 2461 2754, 4134, 5475, OLFM2 3.68 80310762186 NM_031896 2462 3827, 5226, 7212, CACNG7 2.65 5339, 7967386 2187NM_022782 2463 3124, 3475, 5829, MPHOSPH9 2.00 5803, 7370, 8143110 2188NM_012450 2464 3802, 3305, 7278, SLC13A4 2.72 8106, 8640, 7462, 8737,6233, 7314, 7467, 8129573 2189 NM_015529 2465 2831, 4077, 8607, MOXD13.57 6186, 8128837 2190 NM_001123364 2466 4362, C6orf186 3.86 79554692191 NM_001039960 2467 4335, 3940, 3941, SLC4A8 1.83 6177, 6955, 5856,6574, 8063636 2192 NM_001001433 2468 4565, 5270, 5269, STX16 1.57 5271,5272, 6016, 6278, 6873, 8633, 8620, 8642, 7876, 6090, 8358, 7184, 6337,8702, 6864, 5934, 6359, 5902, 6322, Probe PDX1/SOX17 PDX1/PANC FC PDX1/PDX1/ PDX1/ set ID fold change fold change average HESC SOX17 PANC7989073 1.67 44.84 21.50 2.18E−03 4.65E−01 1.27E−03 8135774 7.84 43.0517.57 2.84E−02 9.92E−04 8.98E−05 8109926 14.17 13.85 12.77 6.22E−024.32E−02 4.56E−02 7963970 8.34 26.38 12.68 2.55E−03 1.25E−03 8.28E−058020384 3.53 11.66 9.37 1.98E−05 1.24E−02 8.94E−04 8169061 6.21 13.947.88 4.42E−04 1.55E−03 3.02E−04 7953873 4.15 13.46 6.91 1.90E−022.03E−02 2.06E−03 8112971 5.91 10.17 6.78 1.95E−02 9.53E−03 3.52E−038128284 2.17 15.05 6.41 2.20E−01 1.86E−01 4.99E−03 7953532 3.64 11.816.05 3.42E−02 8.95E−02 2.06E−03 8108697 11.87 3.96 5.92 3.08E−011.83E−02 1.25E−01 7953873 4.05 10.68 5.90 1.67E−02 1.84E−02 2.26E−037957338 4.38 10.29 5.85 1.17E−02 5.02E−03 5.53E−04 7972259 6.19 4.675.69 1.32E−01 1.33E−01 1.99E−01 8113356 5.67 5.49 5.67 1.15E−01 1.24E−011.27E−01 7972239 5.03 5.97 5.38 1.07E−01 1.10E−01 8.58E−02 8021245 4.925.31 5.27 1.01E−01 1.39E−01 1.08E−01 7968678 1.62 8.14 5.06 1.60E−024.62E−01 2.29E−02 8018114 3.87 6.00 5.05 7.13E−03 2.36E−02 6.24E−038128001 4.37 5.35 4.99 2.50E−02 3.39E−02 2.05E−02 8004545 4.82 4.24 4.962.18E−03 8.00E−03 8.78E−03 8140686 2.31 6.55 4.88 5.75E−02 4.03E−017.48E−02 8108753 5.61 3.46 4.49 1.30E−02 6.15E−03 3.65E−02 7996837 7.443.84 4.45 5.03E−04 5.81E−04 3.27E−01 7929822 3.80 4.79 4.45 1.08E−011.55E−01 1.06E−01 8168517 3.31 7.09 4.12 1.71E−01 5.48E−02 8.05E−037994026 2.63 3.75 3.93 2.06E−02 2.06E−01 3.92E−02 8046895 1.84 6.16 3.852.89E−02 2.67E−01 7.34E−03 8143144 3.53 5.72 3.82 1.00E−01 8.57E−021.75E−02 7929779 1.91 4.16 3.74 1.77E−01 6.36E−01 2.27E−01 8100870 3.044.35 3.73 3.65E−02 6.50E−02 3.23E−02 8141843 1.96 3.11 3.61 1.73E−021.93E−01 4.40E−02 8030448 1.73 5.83 3.55 9.71E−04 5.50E−02 2.61E−048078014 2.25 6.42 3.50 2.76E−02 3.80E−02 2.83E−03 8108688 3.21 3.27 3.473.06E−02 5.11E−02 6.64E−02 8006336 2.00 4.37 3.46 2.70E−02 2.13E−013.59E−02 7959025 2.09 5.91 3.40 6.84E−03 1.43E−02 1.87E−03 8051785 4.613.32 3.31 2.11E−01 3.59E−02 6.45E−02 8083166 1.92 5.44 3.29 1.48E−042.85E−02 1.01E−03 8049128 3.01 2.98 3.25 2.85E−01 3.75E−01 3.66E−018148962 2.75 3.48 3.25 1.01E−01 1.78E−01 1.06E−01 8006433 2.60 2.30 3.227.29E−02 2.46E−01 2.62E−01 7956522 3.39 4.30 3.21 6.96E−02 1.39E−026.49E−03 8033818 2.33 3.58 3.20 6.17E−03 1.08E−01 9.26E−03 8031076 2.973.68 3.10 1.49E−02 1.44E−01 5.39E−03 7967386 2.05 5.23 3.09 3.11E−021.48E−01 9.67E−04 8143110 1.89 4.63 3.08 2.25E−02 1.00E−01 6.15E−038129573 2.63 2.94 3.05 1.08E−01 1.97E−01 1.57E−01 8128837 3.24 1.97 3.029.06E−02 1.28E−01 3.35E−01 7955469 2.07 5.16 3.02 1.77E−04 4.25E−034.18E−05 8063636 1.54 1.76 1.62 2.08E−01 3.28E−01 1.30E−01 Table 18.Provided are the description of the putative cell surface genes alongwith the sequence identifiers of the Affymetrix probes, the targetsequence identified by the Affymetrix probe, the polynucleotiderepresented by the target sequence and the Public ID (and SEQ ID NO:) ofthe mRNA sequence representative of the target sequence. “Polyn.” =polynucleotide; “Rep.” = representative; Also shown are the fold changeand T-test p-values for change in expression levels of the indicatedgenes between the PDX1-GFP cells and undifferentiated hESCs (PDX1/HESC);the PDX1-GFP cells and the Pancreas cells (PDX1/PANC); and the PDX1-GFPcells and SOX17-GFP cells (PDX1/SOX17).

TABLE 19 SOX17 and PDX1 specific putative cell surface genes Affy.target SEQ ID NO: Probe nucl. SEQ Rep. (of Rep. Polyn. SEQ ID NOs: GenePDX1/PANC SOX17/PANC set ID ID NO: Public ID Public ID) rep. by targetSymbol fold change fold change 7989073 2193 NM_173814 2469 3710, 4778,PRTG 44.84 26.86 6379, 7927631 2194 NM_012242 2470 3471, 3796, DKK1 9.7373.19 7543, 8463, 8242, 5959, 7921834 2195 NM_001643 2471 2901, 2758,APOA2 10.76 45.73 6253, 8161, 7460, 7113, 8544, 6696, 7530, 7963, 6627,6449, 8095646 2196 NM_001134 2472 3041, 2756, AFP 12.50 30.64 7886,7273, 8047, 8272, 8050619 2197 NM_000384 2473 2558, 3976, APOB 4.2415.61 5351, 8065071 2198 NM_198391 2474 2812, 5172, FLRT3 4.25 24.405173, 5918, 7056, 6380, 8020384 2199 AK293321 2475 4467, 2876, KIAA177211.66 3.30 4295, 4675, 7359, 7061, 5529, 7232, 8113800 2200 NM_0019992476 2620, 3843, FBN2 9.22 12.60 5455, 7802, 7852, 8234, 8057506 2201NM_001463 2477 2679, 5106, FRZB 6.16 13.08 5695, 8038683 2202 NM_0027742478 2673, 3799, KLK6 4.93 6.26 3800, 3801, 7560, 5608, 6746, 7343,6725, 6526, 7968678 2203 NM_207361 2479 3444, 4093, FREM2 8.14 5.015476, 7899, 8121916 2204 NM_032784 2480 3018, 3878, RSPO3 2.42 6.856102, 6281, 8688, 7951865 2205 NM_000039 2481 3902, 2762, APOA1 2.208.83 6306, 5375, 6654, 6990, 7951865 2206 NM_000039 2482 3902, 2762,APOA1 2.21 8.49 6306, 5375, 6654, 6990, 8140686 2207 NM_152754 24833466, 3557, SEMA3D 6.55 2.84 8721, 5583, 8143534 2208 NM_000420 24842886, 2987, KEL 2.06 7.89 6934, 8187, 8288, 6818, 6144, 8559, 81271932209 NM_021073 2485 2611, 3202, BMP5 2.01 4.68 5997, 7150, 8167973 2210NM_138737 2486 3469, 2884, HEPH 6.78 6.77 4726, 4486, 4512, 3021, 2834,2951, 4313, 3058, 4952, 4953, 5726, 7553, 7348, 6504, 7890, 6899, 5938,6468, 6569, 8147030 2211 NM_007029 2487 4711, 5225, STMN2 2.71 6.265342, 7955142 2212 NM_000725 2488 3227, 5283, CACNB3 5.25 4.99 5827,8022666 2213 NM_031422 2489 3460, 4937, CHST9 3.33 6.76 5865, 79935882214 NM_024847 2490 3156, 4846, TMC7 3.19 6.80 4845, 5727, 7486, 80468952215 NM_177454 2491 4274, 4070, FAM171B 6.16 3.35 5467, 5763, 80081322216 NM_005175 2492 3118, 3700, ATP5G1 6.24 3.00 3699, 7206, 8638, 7714,8758, 6255, 7875, 7750, 8115, 7942332 2217 NM_016730 2493 2548, 4931,FOLR1 1.91 5.60 4932, 4933, 4934, 5730, 7111, 7703, 7300, 7929779 2218NM_000392 2494 2682, 4397, ABCC2 4.16 2.18 7717, 5949, 5908, 81134332219 NM_001962 2495 2657, 4446, EFNA5 5.21 5.44 8787, 5710, 8776, 8760,8030448 2220 NM_001136052 2496 3049, 5236, CPT1C 5.83 3.37 5237, 7371,6022, 7446, 5780, 5691, 8167656 2221 NM_001005333 2497 3365, 3727,MAGED1 3.13 5.78 3728, 3726, 8338, 8682, 7309, 7060, 6807, 7682, 8515,8260, 6701, 5806, 7744, 8141843 2222 NM_006989 2498 5151, 5150, RASA43.11 1.59 7699, 5542, 6353, 8073015 2223 NM_006855 2499 2873, 2817,KDELR3 2.26 3.38 2816, 5309, 7392, 7239, 8018761 2224 NM_006456 25002638, 4437, ST6GALNAC2 1.54 2.34 5345, 8097692 2225 NM_001957 2501 2600,4920, EDNRA 2.63 2.16 4921, 4922, 8628, 5591, 5960, 8235, 5962, 8220,6628, 7962, 8006336 2226 NM_052888 2502 3521, 3984, LRRC37B 4.37 2.194680, 4511, 4567, 4302, 3733, 5844, 6194, 7424, 7972297 2227 NM_0058452503 3298, 4237, ABCC4 2.14 4.33 4238, 6825, 6506, 6826, 6736, 7298,8167603 2228 NM_001127899 2504 2659, 4413, CLCN5 2.79 4.87 4414, 4062,7768, 5769, 6329, 6401, 6907, 7160, 8050160 2229 NM_138799 2505 4760,3543, MBOAT2 4.88 3.47 5812, 8164, 8465, 8453, 7310, 8461, 8368, 6454,7808, 7917052 2230 NM_152697 2506 3153, 4453, SLC44A5 2.71 3.64 4454,7183, 6087, 6160, 7980146 2231 NM_006432 2507 3361, 3263, NPC2 2.91 3.667305, 5357, 8131096 2232 NM_001128636 2508 4884, ELFN1 3.03 2.52 80168322233 NM_012329 2509 3499, 3725, MMD 4.53 3.01 5396, 8068353 2234NM_006933 2510 3065, 4367, SLC5A3 3.32 3.03 4168, 7291, 8103, 8705,8188, 8498, 6457, 8150906 2235 NM_017813 2511 4236, 5520, IMPAD1 2.344.01 8096771 2236 NM_021227 2512 3331, 3544, OSTC 3.36 3.77 8513, 8662,6166, 8022711 2237 NM_024422 2513 3516, 4406, DSC2 3.66 4.14 4407, 5438,5505, 6352, 7116, 8157270 2238 NM_001859 2514 2699, 4628, SLC31A1 4.114.15 6193, 6305, 7947165 2239 NM_178498 2515 3423, 4239, SLC5A12 4.133.22 7203, 8135488 2240 NM_001099660 2516 3450, 4205, LRRN3 2.69 1.974202, 4200, 6645, 7164, 5798, 7994026 2241 NM_130464 2517 3833, 4524,NPIPL3 3.51 2.04 5020, 4635, 3908, 7496, 7414, 7388, 6046, 6948, 7475,6819, 8569, 5650, 6371, 7765, 6554, 6829, 5907, 7686, 6199, 8130, 8706,8211, 7864, 8008802 2242 NM_182569 2518 3086, 4924, GDPD1 3.19 2.864925, 4923, 5759, 7994026 2243 NM_130464 2519 3833, 4524, NPIPL3 3.442.08 5020, 4635, 3908, 7496, 7414, 7388, 6046, 6948, 7475, 6819, 8569,5650, 6371, 7765, 6554, 6829, 5907, 7686, 6199, 8130, 8706, 8211, 7864,7994026 2244 NM_130464 2520 3833, 4524, NPIPL3 3.48 2.07 5020, 4635,3908, 7496, 7414, 7388, 6046, 6948, 7475, 6819, 8569, 5650, 6371, 7765,6554, 6829, 5907, 7686, 6199, 8130, 8706, 8211, 7864, 8160546 2245NM_152570 2521 4386, 3147, LINGO2 2.80 2.77 5841, 7024, 8045664 2246NM_177964 2522 3039, 3538, LYPD6B 1.75 3.60 8714, 5464, 7286, 6455,7123, 7806, 7494, 8341, 7067, 6613, PDX1 PDX1 SOX17 SOX17 ProbeSOX17/HESC PDX1/HESC FC vs. vs. vs. vs. set ID fold change fold changeaverage HESC PANC HESC PANC 7989073 10.78 17.99 25.12 2.18E−03 1.27E−039.95E−03 4.28E−03 7927631 12.95 1.72 24.40 4.85E−01 3.70E−02 4.00E−041.77E−04 7921834 17.82 4.19 19.63 2.79E−01 1.06E−01 3.17E−03 9.95E−048095646 8.81 3.59 13.89 3.53E−01 1.07E−01 1.27E−01 3.90E−02 805061917.42 4.73 10.50 1.55E−01 1.80E−01 1.41E−02 1.64E−02 8065071 9.61 1.679.98 4.67E−01 9.17E−02 5.11E−03 1.73E−03 8020384 3.66 12.92 7.891.98E−05 8.94E−04 1.07E−02 3.58E−02 8113800 3.03 2.22 6.77 5.94E−022.49E−03 1.98E−02 1.36E−03 8057506 3.96 1.87 6.27 1.38E−01 1.99E−023.23E−02 9.55E−03 8038683 6.87 5.41 5.87 5.13E−02 5.92E−02 1.34E−011.49E−01 7968678 3.33 5.40 5.47 1.60E−02 2.29E−02 4.98E−02 5.29E−028121916 9.02 3.19 5.37 2.83E−01 4.23E−01 3.61E−02 6.93E−02 7951865 7.791.94 5.19 2.33E−01 1.74E−01 1.18E−02 1.00E−02 7951865 7.44 1.94 5.022.29E−01 1.67E−01 1.16E−02 9.63E−03 8140686 2.50 5.79 4.42 5.75E−027.48E−02 2.06E−01 2.31E−01 8143534 5.85 1.53 4.33 1.95E−02 2.85E−031.01E−02 5.80E−03 8127193 7.19 3.09 4.24 1.49E−01 3.51E−01 1.45E−024.07E−02 8167973 1.56 1.56 4.16 1.17E−01 7.23E−03 4.00E−01 2.71E−028147030 4.91 2.12 4.00 2.20E−01 1.74E−01 4.21E−03 1.10E−02 7955142 2.692.83 3.94 4.21E−02 9.05E−03 7.93E−03 1.19E−03 8022666 3.68 1.82 3.902.88E−02 1.92E−02 9.17E−02 4.17E−02 7993588 3.45 1.62 3.76 2.02E−021.03E−02 8.15E−02 2.94E−02 8046895 1.94 3.56 3.75 2.89E−02 7.34E−031.36E−01 2.25E−02 8008132 1.73 3.61 3.65 6.59E−02 2.56E−02 5.24E−012.42E−01 7942332 5.10 1.74 3.59 4.99E−02 3.32E−02 1.56E−02 1.31E−027929779 2.70 5.16 3.55 1.77E−01 2.27E−01 2.68E−01 3.68E−01 8113433 1.781.70 3.53 2.74E−01 3.02E−02 3.25E−02 6.71E−03 8030448 1.79 3.10 3.529.71E−04 2.61E−04 2.27E−02 2.18E−03 8167656 3.33 1.80 3.51 1.86E−036.73E−03 2.72E−02 1.27E−02 8141843 2.95 5.77 3.35 1.73E−02 4.40E−022.15E−02 8.07E−02 8073015 4.63 3.09 3.34 5.00E−02 1.47E−01 2.55E−026.57E−02 8018761 5.70 3.73 3.33 1.28E−01 5.74E−01 1.89E−02 1.49E−018097692 3.77 4.59 3.29 6.31E−02 2.87E−01 1.87E−03 2.30E−01 8006336 2.024.03 3.15 2.70E−02 3.59E−02 8.81E−02 1.18E−01 7972297 3.94 1.95 3.092.00E−03 7.17E−04 3.04E−02 2.42E−02 8167603 2.90 1.66 3.06 4.81E−045.85E−05 4.81E−02 1.41E−02 8050160 1.60 2.26 3.05 6.44E−02 9.59E−031.64E−01 1.42E−02 7917052 3.22 2.40 2.99 3.64E−03 2.74E−02 9.92E−029.89E−02 7980146 3.01 2.39 2.99 2.93E−02 5.07E−02 1.71E−02 3.13E−028131096 2.91 3.50 2.99 7.80E−03 1.14E−02 8.80E−02 1.23E−01 8016832 1.612.41 2.89 6.75E−03 1.87E−01 1.50E−01 3.20E−01 8068353 2.47 2.71 2.886.65E−02 1.10E−01 4.94E−04 6.50E−02 8150906 3.26 1.91 2.88 3.17E−012.27E−01 1.13E−01 8.71E−02 8096771 2.27 2.03 2.86 4.86E−02 2.51E−021.02E−01 4.36E−02 8022711 1.85 1.64 2.82 2.46E−01 3.49E−02 1.35E−012.09E−02 8157270 1.52 1.50 2.82 2.50E−01 1.64E−02 3.33E−01 2.82E−027947165 1.68 2.16 2.80 1.62E−02 1.45E−03 4.66E−02 2.41E−03 8135488 2.753.76 2.79 1.53E−03 3.07E−02 1.35E−04 5.92E−02 7994026 2.06 3.55 2.792.47E−02 2.52E−02 1.04E−01 1.07E−01 8008802 2.40 2.68 2.78 6.34E−053.96E−04 2.05E−02 1.40E−02 7994026 2.10 3.49 2.78 2.59E−02 2.62E−029.45E−02 9.69E−02 7994026 2.07 3.48 2.78 2.55E−02 2.52E−02 9.97E−029.87E−02 8160546 2.73 2.76 2.76 1.09E−02 1.44E−02 3.38E−02 3.79E−028045664 3.68 1.79 2.71 1.63E−01 1.89E−01 3.42E−02 3.90E−02 Table 19.Provided are the description of the putative cell surface genes alongwith the sequence identifiers of the Affymetrix probes, the targetsequence identified by the Affymetrix probe, the polynucleotiderepresented by the target sequence and the Public ID (and SEQ ID NO:) ofthe mRNA sequence representative of the target sequence. “Polyn.” =polynucleotide; “Rep.” = representative; Also shown are the fold changeand T-test p-values for change in expression levels of the indicatedgenes between the PDX1-GFP cells and the Pancreas cells (PDX1/PANC);SOX17-GFP cells and the Pancreas cells (SOX17/PANC); SOX17-GFP cells andundifferentiated hESCs (PDX1/HESC); the PDX1-GFP cells andundifferentiated hESCs (PDX1/HESC).

TABLE 20 PDX1 and Pancreas specific putative cell surface genes Affy.target SEQ ID NO: Probe nucl. SEQ Rep. (of Rep. Polyn. SEQ ID NOs: GenePDX1/ PDX1/ set ID ID NO: Public ID Public ID) rep. by target SymbolHESC SOX17 7903414 2247 NM_000699 2523 3814, 2634, AMY2A 3.79 2.83 2921,3063, 3766, 3767, 3777, 3765, 3769, 6181, 8186, 6513, 8562, 7109, 6188,7492, 7387, 8726, 6179, 8240, 6758, 6648, 5740, 6977, 6257, 5819,8101659 2248 NM_001128310 2524 3607, 4539, SPARCL1 3.14 2.98 4554, 4700,4490, 4558, 4476, 3089, 2943, 4431, 4430, 6384, 8285, 5454, 8543, 7693,7326, 8142, 7471, 7961514 2249 NM_000900 2525 3815, 5155, MGP 2.07 2.105156, 5372, 7960947 2250 NM_000014 2526 3209, 3849, A2M 7.83 4.71 5717,8772, 8168, 6820, 8158, 6446, 6742, 7965410 2251 NM_001920 2527 2902,3628, DCN 2.02 4.12 3629, 3630, 3631, 3632, 3633, 7344, 7248, 6470,7199, 5678, 5337, 5322, 6594, 8023497 2252 NM_005603 2528 2736, 5024,ATP8B1 2.34 2.80 5707, 8096415 2253 NM_007351 2529 3528, 3568, MMRN17.09 5.79 6962, 7912, 6838, 5465, 7954090 2254 NM_001423 2530 2678,4610, EMP1 2.26 2.14 6653, 7265, 5426, 7913216 2255 NM_000300 2531 2906,4866, PLA2G2A 2.85 5.25 4867, 4868, 4869, 6945, 6892, 8598, 8048, 8615,6396, 7663, 7954293 2256 NM_000921 2532 3510, 5300, PDE3A 2.94 2.385941, 8098611 2257 NM_003265 2533 3835, 3032, TLR3 2.25 2.60 8206, 5688,8051583 2258 NM_000104 2534 2630, 4421, CYP1B1 3.41 2.85 6727, 8527,5409, 8066925 2259 NM_000961 2535 3882, 3795, PTGIS 4.05 5.49 5363,8250, 8695, 8058063 2260 NM_144629 2536 3913, 4395, RFTN2 4.30 3.805599, 7926, 8145977 2261 NM_021623 2537 4259, 4207, PLEKHA2 2.02 2.858302, 7202, 6843, 7732, 8390, 7975390 2262 NM_001034852 2538 4277, 5268,SMOC1 3.45 3.29 5267, 7459, 5893, 8163896 2263 NM_004099 2539 2946,3496, STOM 2.23 2.77 3495, 6038, 5639, 8068024 2264 NM_021219 2540 2864,3085, JAM2 3.47 3.81 8520, 7625, 6556, 8774, 7964, 7436, 6761, 5705,8077270 2265 NM_006614 2541 2694, 3806, CHL1 2.67 2.03 3927, 4681, 3440,3238, 6369, 6718, 6522, 7572, 7141, 5444, 7590, 6487, 6827, 7208,7982366 2266 NM_001144757 2542 3813, 4731, SCG5 3.05 3.07 4732, 8086,6330, 8119, 8148, 5657, 8100541 2267 NM_001553 2543 3500, 2759, IGFBP72.65 2.26 5754, 7872, 7990, 8104746 2268 NM_000908 2544 4247, 5263, NPR32.87 2.48 6508, 8718, 5468, 7324, 7914127 2269 NM_002038 2545 3350,3961, IFI6 2.10 2.58 3962, 3960, 6118, 6098, 6254, 7909390 2270NM_175710 2546 3897, 4185, CR1L 2.16 2.05 8470, 6548, 5851, 8129558 2271NM_030908 2547 4048, 4376, OR2A4 2.17 2.16 2917, 5157, 3729, 5808, 7931,8143633 2272 NM_001005328 8793 4048, 4376, OR2A7 2.15 2.14 2917, 5157,3729, 5808, 7931, PDX1 PDX1 PANC PANC Probe PANC/ PANC/ FC vs. vs. vs.vs. set ID SOX17 HESC average HESC SOX17 HESC SOX17 7903414 63.39 84.9838.75 6.94E−03 6.94E−03 3.93E−02 4.82E−02 8101659 59.17 62.31 31.907.73E−02 7.73E−02 7.74E−04 8.61E−04 7961514 51.99 51.42 26.89 2.49E−012.49E−01 1.55E−03 1.73E−03 7960947 35.60 59.17 26.83 2.35E−01 2.35E−012.79E−04 4.65E−04 7965410 42.02 20.66 17.21 1.69E−01 1.69E−01 8.61E−034.37E−03 8023497 10.73 8.96 6.21 4.46E−03 4.46E−03 2.60E−02 2.05E−028096415 4.78 5.86 5.88 1.60E−01 1.60E−01 2.49E−02 3.48E−02 7954090 9.039.56 5.75 2.69E−01 2.69E−01 1.32E−02 1.54E−02 7913216 8.17 4.44 5.181.13E−02 1.13E−02 7.39E−02 4.19E−02 7954293 5.02 6.18 4.13 2.66E−012.66E−01 5.56E−04 2.20E−02 8098611 6.01 5.20 4.02 2.63E−02 2.63E−021.79E−04 6.80E−04 8051583 4.07 4.87 3.80 3.83E−02 3.83E−02 4.62E−027.35E−02 8066925 3.11 2.30 3.74 9.29E−04 9.29E−04 6.62E−02 2.86E−028058063 2.58 2.92 3.40 1.45E−01 1.45E−01 7.03E−02 1.21E−01 8145977 5.083.60 3.39 4.17E−02 4.17E−02 3.87E−02 4.15E−02 7975390 3.18 3.34 3.311.41E−01 1.41E−01 4.59E−03 3.14E−02 8163896 4.38 3.53 3.23 3.49E−023.49E−02 1.08E−02 2.35E−02 8068024 2.75 2.50 3.14 1.36E−01 1.36E−019.78E−02 8.38E−02 8077270 3.09 4.08 2.97 2.29E−01 2.29E−01 3.29E−032.04E−02 7982366 2.83 2.81 2.94 1.24E−02 1.24E−02 2.50E−01 2.63E−018100541 2.94 3.45 2.82 4.45E−01 4.45E−01 5.51E−03 1.56E−01 8104746 2.052.37 2.44 2.26E−01 2.26E−01 3.10E−01 4.14E−01 7914127 2.75 2.25 2.421.47E−02 1.47E−02 5.76E−02 3.14E−02 7909390 2.06 2.17 2.11 2.28E−012.28E−01 3.57E−02 5.29E−02 8129558 2.03 2.04 2.10 2.92E−03 2.92E−031.24E−01 1.32E−01 8143633 2.02 2.03 2.09 6.13E−03 6.13E−03 1.43E−011.56E−01 Table 20. Provided are the description of the putative cellsurface genes along with the sequence identifiers of the Affymetrixprobes, the target sequence identified by the Affymetrix probe, thepolynucleotide represented by the target sequence and the Public ID (andSEQ ID NO:) of the mRNA sequence representative of the target sequence.“Polyn.” = polynucleotide; “Rep.” = representative; Also shown are thefold change and T-test p-values for change in expression levels of theindicated genes between the PDX1-GFP cells and undifferentiated hESCs(PDX1/HESC); the PDX1-GFP cells and SOX17-GFP cells (PDX1/SOX17); thePancreas cells and SOX17 cells (PANC/SOX17); and the Pancreas cells andthe hESCs (PANC/HESC);

Example 5

TROP-2 Facs Sorting of Cells Derived from Embryoid Bodies Results in anIsolated Population of PDX1-Positive Cells (at Least 84% PDX1 Positive)

Experimental Results

Separation of TROP-2 Expressing Cells by FACS ARIA and Staining withPDX1

Embryoid bodies were prepared from H9.2 hESCs and grown for 28 days inEBs medium (DMEM, 20% serum replacement, 1 mM Glutamax and 1%nonessential amino acid—all from GIBCO Invitrogen) with a change ofmedium every 3 days. The EBs were separated to single cells by treatingfor 20-30 minutes with TrypLE Select (Invitrogen) in 37° C. The cellswere washed once with EBs medium, once more in FACS buffer (0.5% BSA, 10mM EDTA, 25 mM Hepes in PBS). 10⁷ cells were diluted in 950 μl FACSbuffer with 50 μl of anti-human TROP-2—APC (R&D Systems Inc.,Minneapolis, Minn.) and incubated for 30 minutes at room temperature inthe dark with shaking every 5 minutes. The cells were washed twice withPBS and centrifuged for 3 minutes at 1500 rpm. The cells were filteredwith a 40 lam strainer (BD) and resuspended in FACS buffer. The FACSARIA (BD) sorter was used to separate TROP-2 positive cells from thewhole EB population. 1.3% of the cells were positive for allophycocyanin(APC) and were collected into DMEM with 10% FBS. The cells were spundown by Cytospin onto glass slides and fixed with cold acetone.

In order to stain the cells with PDX1 antibody, the cells were fixedagain with 4% paraformaldehyde for 15 minutes and washed twice with PBS.The cells were blocked for one hour by adding 5% Normal Goat Serum(NGS), 1% BSA (bovine serum albumin), 0.5% Triton in PBS (phosphatebuffered saline). The cells were washed twice with PBS and stained withgoat polyclonal PDX1 (ABcam, Cambridge, UK) at a dilution of 1:1000 inPBS with 1% Triton, 0.5% BSA and 1% FBS over night in 4° C. The cellswere washed twice with PBS and stained with anti-goat Cy3 secondaryantibody 1:100 (Jackson Laboratories, West Grove, Pa.). Cells wererinsed twice with PBS and the nuclei were stained with DAPI 1:1000(Sigma) and then the cells were mounted in fluorescent mounting media(Dako). The slides were analyzed using a confocal microscope (LSM 700,Zeiss).

Experimental Results

As shown in FIGS. 14A-C (representative confocal microscopy images) 84%of the cells which were isolated using an anti-human TROP-2 antibodywere positive for PDX1 expression. These results demonstrate theisolation, for the first time, of a population of cells comprising atleast 84% PDX1-positive cells which are not genetically modified.

Example 6 Endoderm Cells Expressing Bst2, Flrt3, Colec12, Gpr49/Lgr50RLIF-R can be Separated by FACS from Cell Populations Derived from YoungEmbryoid Bodies

Seven days old EBs contain cells of mesoderm, ectoderm and endodermlineages but not fully differentiated tissues. These cells were testedfor the expression of several surface markers which were found to beincreased in the SOX17 expressing definitive endoderm cells byAffymetrix expression analysis.

Experimental Results

Sorting with Endoderm Markers Using FACS with Single Markers on YoungEBs

H9.2 ESCs were grown for 7 days in EBs medium (DMEM, 20% serumreplacement, 1 mM Glutamax and 1% nonessential amino acid-all from GIBCOInvitrogen) with a change of medium every 3 days. The EBs were separatedto single cells by treating for 20-30 minutes with TrypLE Select(Invitrogen) in 37° C. The cells were washed once with EBs medium andonce more in FACS buffer (0.5% BSA, 10 mM EDTA, 25 mM Hepes in PBS). Thefollowing antibodies were tested:

1. Rabbit anti BST-2 (Santa Cruz) 1:2002. Rabbit anti FLRT-3 (Santa Cruz) 1:503. Goat anti CL-P1/COLEC12 (R&D) 1:404. Rabbit anti GPR-49/LGRS (Novus) 1:1005. Anti human LIF-R-PE (R&D) 1:106. Control non treated cells

The cells were incubated for 30 minutes at room temperature with theantibodies in FACS buffer (0.5% BSA, 10 mM EDTA, 25 mM Hepes in PBS) andwashed twice with PBS, followed by secondary antibodies anti rabbit Cy3(for BST2, FLRT-3 and GPR-49) or anti goat Cy3 (COLEC12) for 15 minutesat room temperature. The cells were washed twice more with PBS andresuspended in FACS buffer. The expression levels of these markers inthe EBS was compared to those in undifferentiated hESCs cells by FACScalibrator (BD) using Flow-Jo analysis.

Experimental Results

The results are presented in FIGS. 12A-E and are summarized in Table 21hereinbelow.

TABLE 21 Expression analysis of antibodies in undifferentiated embryonicstem cells and in 7-day old embryoid bodies Antibody ESCs 7 days EBsBST-2 2.25%  43.3% FLRT-3* 1.56%  1.71% COLEC12 0.26% 70.19% GPR-49/LGR51.34%  38.2% LIF-R 2.28% 16.13% Table 21. *The result with FLRT3 maychange after optimization of the antibody which is not usually used inFACS analysis.

The results presented in FIGS. 12A-E and in Table 21 above show that inyoung embryoid bodies there is increase in cells expressing theendodermal specific markers identified in the SOX17 expressing cells ascompared to undifferentiated hESC. These results point to the potentialusefulness of these markers for characterization and isolation ofpopulations enriched in definitive endoderm.

Example 7 Negative Selection with Underexpressed Markers can be Used toEnrich for Definitive Endoderm

Experimental Methods

Induction of Differentiation of Undifferentiated hESCs into DefiniteEndodermal Cells Using the IDE1/IDE2 Protocol

Undifferentiated H9.2 cells were treated with IDE1 or IDE2 as follows:The cells were washed once with PBS followed by incubation for 24 hoursin RPMI with 5 μM IDE1/IDE2. The next day the medium was changed to RPMIwith 0.2% FBS and 5 μM IDE1/IDE2 was added for 2 days. The cells wereseparated to single cells by treating the cells for 20-30 minutes withTrypLE Select (Invitrogen) in 37° C. The cells were washed once with EBsmedium and once more in FACS buffer (0.5% BSA, 10 mM EDTA, 25 mM Hepesin PBS).

BST2 Expression on Adherent Cells

The cells which were induced by IDE1/IDE2 as described above werestained 1:100-1:200 with anti rabbit BST-2 (Santa Cruz) for 30 minutesin room temperature followed by secondary antibody Cy3 anti rabbit for15 minutes at room temperature. Finally the cells were resuspended inFACS buffer and were tested by FACS calibrator.

BST2 Positive/KDR Negative and CXCR4 Positive/KDR negative

The cells which were induced by IDE1/IDE2 as described above werestained 1:100-1:200 with anti rabbit BST-2 (Santa-Cruz) or 1:10anti-human CXCR4-PerCP and 1:10 anti-human VEGF R2/KDR-FITC (both fromR&D) for 30 min in room temperature followed by secondary antibody Cy3anti rabbit for 15 min at room temperature (for the samples with BST2).Finally the cells were resuspended in FACS buffer and were tested byFACS calibrator.

Experimental Results

Cells which are Induced to Differentiate into Definite Endodermal CellsExpress BST2

The results of the FACS analysis showed that 11.9% of the cells inIDE1/IDE2 treated population express BST-2, and that only a subset ofthese, 10.7%, are BST2⁺/KDR⁻ (FIGS. 13A-C). These results demonstratethat combined use of the BST-2 marker with the KDR marker, which isunderexpressed in definitive endoderm, may enable greater purificationof an enriched definite endodermal cell population

Cells which are Induced to Differentiate into Definite Endodermal CellsExhibit a BST2+/KDR− or CXCR4+/KDR− Expression Pattern

The results of the FACS analysis showed that 1.05% of the cells treatedwith IDE1/2 express CXCR4 but not KDR (i.e., they exhibit theCXCR4+/KDR− expression signature) (FIG. 13D). As above, the combined useof positive and negative selection may yield a more highly enricheddefinitive endoderm population.

Altogether, these results show that the markers identified in thepresent study, individually and in combinations that include bothoverexpressed and underexpressed markers, can be used to isolatedefinite endodermal cells from a non-genetically modified population ofcells that are differentiated from pluripotent stem cells.

Analysis and Discussion

Differentiation of cells towards pancreatic beta—cells is still achallenging task. Based on genetic labeling approach the presentinventors have succeeded in isolating from HESCs an enriched populationof endoderm cells and pancreatic progenitor cells. These populationswere then used in microarray analysis to identify candidate markers fordefining (alone or in combination with other markers) specific precursorcell types characteristic of particular stages of the differentiationprocess. From the present analysis, a PDX1 specific gene GPR50 (FIG. 9,Table 14) and PDX1/Pancreas specific gene TROP2 (FIG. 11, Table 16) wereselected for further study as promising genes. Particular emphasis hasbeen placed on cell surface markers that by replacing geneticmodification provide a more robust and stable approach for defining andisolating cell precursor populations. The information gained throughthese studies will permit more efficient generation of populationsenriched with functional beta cells derived from stem cells. Theseprotocols will rely on more efficient production of pancreaticprogenitor cells and on their enrichment to enable improved treatment ofdiabetes.

hESCs represent one source of pluripotent cells capable ofdifferentiating into almost any cell type (2). As a result, thetherapeutic potential of these and other renewable stem cells fortreating various diseases has generated much excitement. The presentinventors disclose a method for selecting differentiating cells thatwill develop into functional insulin-producing beta cells. Such enrichedpopulations may eventually be used in replacement therapy (e.g., celltransplantation) for the treatment of insulin dependent diabetes.

Selection and enrichment processes are needed because presentlyavailable protocols for differentiation of hESCs to definitive endodermand pancreatic progenitors cells (5, 19, 21-24), do not yield purepopulations. The importance of isolating the progenitors lies in thefacts that, in contrast to mature beta cells, the progenitor cells havea proliferative capacity, and in contrast to hESCs they arenon-tumorigenic. Thus purification or enrichment of progenitors followedby their continued culture would yield a more suitable transplantpopulation.

The present inventors generated hESC clones harboring SOX17 and PDX1 BACreporter constructs and identified a subpopulation of GFP⁺ cells.

SOX17 was originally identified as a stage-specific transcriptionactivator during mouse spermatogenesis (26). Members of this gene familyencode transcription factors that regulate the specification of celltypes and tissue differentiation. Consistent with the general role ofSOX genes in lineage specification, SOX17 is expressed specifically inthe endoderm during gastrulation and plays a key role in endodermformation.

PDX1 is expressed broadly in the pancreas during the first several daysof pancreatic development, as the organ grows and branches. PDX1regulates the insulin gene and from E15.5 (mouse embryonic days) onwardsits expression becomes mainly restricted to β-cells. The transitions ofPDX1 expression coincide with the overall conversion of progenitors tomature endocrine and exocrine cells (27).

The hESC clones harboring the SOX17 or PDX1⁺ BAC reporter and expressingGFP were isolated by FACS sorting and were analyzed by qPCR andmicroarray to identify cell surface and other markers expressed at theseparticular stages of the differentiation process.

The present inventors chose to use BACs, which are composed ofrelatively large stretches of genomic DNA, in order to render thetransgenes less susceptible to mosaic or position effect variation. Thelarger size of BACs might also provide a more complete set of regulatorysequences (28).

Using this approach, the present inventors have succeeded in isolatingenriched populations of endoderm and, for the first time pancreaticprogenitor cells derived from human ESCs. Cell sorting based on SOX17expression in reporter lines revealed markers which were previouslycorrelated with definitive endoderm, thus validating the approach.Similarly, cells sorted base on PDX1 expression, revealed pancreaticprogenitor markers. Affymetrix analysis then identified stage specificcell surface markers that enable cell type enrichment without the needfor genetically modified hESCs. These markers provide a more robust,stable and clinically relevant approach for defining and isolating cellprecursor populations.

To exemplify the above approach, use was made of two surface markerswhich are overexpressed in the PDX1⁺ cells, GPR50 and TROP-2. The latterwas also found to be overepxressed in the pancreas array. Little isknown about GPR50. The X-linked orphan receptor GPR50 shares 45%homology with the melatonin receptors, yet its ligand and physiologicalfunction remain mostly unknown. It is an orphan GPCR which has noaffinity for melatonin, but as a dimer with MT1, it inhibits melatoninsignaling (29, 30). Other reports have shown that GPR50 is also animportant regulator of energy metabolism (31) The role of TROP-2 is notwell understood and the physiological ligand is still unknown. TROP-2,the human trophoblast cell-surface glycoprotein, has been shown to playa role in regulating the growth of variety epithelial cancers includingpancreatic tumors (32-35). Cell sorting of unmodified hESCs using thesetwo markers enabled isolation of a cell population with a high relativeexpression of pancreatic progenitor transcription factors. These resultsexemplify the potential usefulness of the newly identified markers eachalone, in combination with one another or in combination with othermarkers, in enabling isolation of enriched endoderm and pancreasprogenitor populations. Other uses of these markers include qualitycontrol of candidate replacement therapy cell populations.

The availability of stage specific reporter constructs for key stages ofpancreatic beta cell differentiation enables systematic assessment ofthe effect of signaling factors, small molecules or other compounds ongrowth, differentiation and survival of these progenitor cells. Theseconstructs also provide valuable tools for efficient isolation of cellpopulations enriched for endoderm progenitor or pancreatic progenitorcells and their subsequent characterization by strategies such asmicroarray expression profiling. The discovery, through such ananalysis, of new stage specific cell markers, including cell surfacemarkers, opens the possibility for purification or enrichment ofcritical cell populations undergoing beta cell differentiation withoutthe need for genetic modification. They also provide information about a“molecular signature” that can be used for “quality control” inassessing potential islet replacement cells developed fromnon-pancreatic sources.

Although the invention has been described in conjunction with specificembodiments thereof, it is evident that many alternatives, modificationsand variations will be apparent to those skilled in the art.Accordingly, it is intended to embrace all such alternatives,modifications and variations that fall within the spirit and broad scopeof the appended claims.

All publications, patents and patent applications mentioned in thisspecification are herein incorporated in their entirety by referenceinto the specification, to the same extent as if each individualpublication, patent or patent application was specifically andindividually indicated to be incorporated herein by reference. Inaddition, citation or identification of any reference in thisapplication shall not be construed as an admission that such referenceis available as prior art to the present invention. To the extent thatsection headings are used, they should not be construed as necessarilylimiting.

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1-54. (canceled)
 55. A method of isolating a population of cells enriched in pancreatic progenitor cells, comprising: (a) detecting in a population of cells comprising pancreatic progenitor cells, cells that express at least one marker selected from the group consisting of TROP-2 and GPR50, and (b) isolating the cells expressing said at least one marker detected according to step (a) to thereby obtain an isolated population of cells enriched in pancreatic progenitor cells, thereby isolating the population of cells enriched in pancreatic progenitor cells.
 56. The method of claim 55, wherein said at least one marker is TROP-2.
 57. The method of claim 55, comprising detecting TROP-2 and/or GPR50, and an additional marker selected from the group consisting of BST2, NTRK2, ITGA4, KDR, PTPRN, LGI1, VIPR2, SLC2A1, MUC15, MUC12, LPHN3, MUC16, VTCN1, MMP16, FZD3, ITGB6, GFRA3, ROBO1, NLGN1, MUC12, CNTFR, LPHN1, SULF1, ADAM23, SCUBE3, PLAU, CDON, SLIT2, C7orf68, PLXDC2, CD74, GPR56, AREG, BOC, KLRK1, PRTG, PTPRZ1, GABRP, SILV, KIAA1772, PLP1, OVOS, HAPLN1, EPHA7, ENO2, PCDHB5, OVOS, SYT1, DCT, GPAM, SLITRK6, DCC, FREM2, SDK2, CGA, ATP1B2, SEMA3D, PCDHB15, CDH1, WNT8B, LPAR4, NPIPL3, FAM171B, PTN, ABCC2, ADAMTS3, RASA4, CPT1C, SLC6A6, PCDHB3, LRRC37B, RNFT2, KCNG3, TRPC1, ALPPL2, OR4F21, CCL2, KIF5A, OLFM2, CACNG7, MPHOSPH9, SLC13A4, MOXD1, C6orf186, SLC4A8, STX16, AMY2A, SPARCL1, MGP, A2M, DCN, ATP8B1, MMRN1, EMP1, PLA2G2A, PDE3A, TLR3, CYP1B1, PTGIS, RFTN2, PLEKHA2, SMOC1, STOM, JAM2, CHL1, SCG5, IGFBP7, NPR3, IFI6, CR1L, OR2A4, OR2A7, KCNG3, CACNG7, GRID2, CDH1, LPAR3, SEMA6A, PTPRZ1, ATP1A3, CAMKV, SCNN1G, SYT6, SLC18A2, PCDHB5, ABCG2, HLA-DRA, CR1L, HTR2C, EDNRB, PCDH11X, SLC17A7, SCNN1A, CD9, CXCL16, FXYD5, GABRQ, GFRA3, CACNA2D2, CLDN4, PLP1, PDPN, MMP24, SDK2, GPR176, GPR64, GPR160, PCDH11Y, NKAIN4, ATP1B2, SCN8A, THBS4, CR2, HLA-DQA1, HLA-DRA, HTR7, SLC2A1, HLA-DRA, KCNS3, SLC7A3, HLA-DPB2, CACNA1B, and GPR143.
 58. The method of claim 55, wherein said population of cells enriched in pancreatic progenitor cells expresses a transcription factor selected from the group consisting of PDX1, ngn3, pax4, hlxb9, nkx6.1, Hnf6, and sox9.
 59. The method of claim 55, wherein step (b) is effected by an immunological isolation technique selected from the group consisting of fluorescent activated cell sorter (FACS), Magnetic-activated cell sorting (MACS) or immunopanning.
 60. The method of claim 55, wherein presence of at least a predetermined percentage of the pancreatic progenitor cells in said cell population indicates the suitability of the pancreatic progenitor cells for transplantation in a subject.
 61. A method of isolating endocrine progenitors or insulin producing cells, comprising culturing the population of cells enriched in pancreatic progenitor cells isolated by the method of claim 55, under conditions suitable for maturation of the pancreatic progenitor cells into endocrine progenitors or beta cells, thereby isolating insulin producing cells.
 62. An isolated population of cells enriched in pancreatic progenitor cells obtained according to the method of claim
 55. 63. The isolated population of cells enriched in pancreatic progenitor cells of claim 62, wherein said pancreatic progenitor cells are genetically unmodified.
 64. An isolated population of pancreatic progenitor cells, comprising at least about 50% of cells having a TROP-2+ and/or TROP-2+/GPR50+ expression pattern.
 65. The isolated population of pancreatic progenitor cells of claim 64, wherein said cells are further characterized by the expression of at least one transcription factor selected from the group consisting of PDX1, ngn3, pax4, hlxb9, nkx6.1, Hnf6, and sox9.
 66. The isolated population of pancreatic progenitor cells of claim 64, wherein said cells are obtained by the method comprising the steps of: (a) detecting in a population of cells comprising pancreatic progenitor cells, cells that express at least one marker selected from the group consisting of TROP-2 and/or GPR50, and an additional marker selected from the group consisting of BST2, NTRK2, ITGA4, KDR, PTPRN, LGI1, VIPR2, SLC2A1, MUC15, MUC12, LPHN3, MUC16, VTCN1, MMP16, FZD3, ITGB6, GFRA3, ROBO1, NLGN1, MUC12, CNTFR, LPHN1, SULF1, ADAM23, SCUBE3, PLAU, CDON, SLIT2, C7orf68, PLXDC2, CD74, GPR56, AREG, BOC, KLRK1, PRTG, PTPRZ1, GABRP, SILV, KIAA1772, PLP1, OVOS, HAPLN1, EPHA7, ENO2, PCDHB5, OVOS, SYT1, DCT, GPAM, SLITRK6, DCC, FREM2, SDK2, CGA, ATP1B2, SEMA3D, PCDHB15, CDH1, WNT8B, LPAR4, NPIPL3, FAM171B, PTN, ABCC2, ADAMTS3, RASA4, CPT1C, SLC6A6, PCDHB3, LRRC37B, RNFT2, KCNG3, TRPC1, ALPPL2, OR4F21, CCL2, KIF5A, OLFM2, CACNG7, MPHOSPH9, SLC13A4, MOXD1, C6orf186, SLC4A8, STX16, AMY2A, SPARCL1, MGP, A2M, DCN, ATP8B1, MMRN1, EMP1, PLA2G2A, PDE3A, TLR3, CYP1B1, PTGIS, RFTN2, PLEKHA2, SMOC1, STOM, JAM2, CHL1, SCG5, IGFBP7, NPR3, IFI6, CR1L, OR2A4, OR2A7, KCNG3, CACNG7, GRID2, CDH1, LPAR3, SEMA6A, PTPRZ1, ATP1A3, CAMKV, SCNN1G, SYT6, SLC18A2, PCDHB5, ABCG2, HLA-DRA, CR1L, HTR2C, EDNRB, PCDH11X, SLC17A7, SCNN1A, CD9, CXCL16, FXYD5, GABRQ, GFRA3, CACNA2D2, CLDN4, PLP1, PDPN, MMP24, SDK2, GPR176, GPR64, GPR160, PCDH11Y, NKAIN4, ATP1B2, SCN8A, THBS4, CR2, HLA-DQA1, HLA-DRA, HTR7, SLC2A1, HLA-DRA, KCNS3, SLC7A3, HLA-DPB2, CACNA1B, and GPR143, and (b) isolating the cells expressing said at least one marker detected according to step (a) to thereby obtain an isolated population of cells enriched in pancreatic progenitor cells, thereby isolating the population of cells enriched in pancreatic progenitor cells.
 67. The isolated population of pancreatic progenitor cells of claim 64, wherein said pancreatic progenitor cells are genetically unmodified.
 68. A method of isolating a population of cells enriched in definite endodermal cells, comprising: (a) detecting in a population of cells comprising definite endodermal cells, cells that express at least one marker selected from the group consisting of BST2, FLRT3, COLEC12, GPR49/LGR5 and LIF-R, and (b) isolating the cells expressing said at least one marker detected according to step (a) to thereby obtain an isolated population of cells enriched in definite endodermal cells, thereby isolating a population of cells enriched in definite endodermal cells.
 69. The method of claim 68, wherein said definite endodermal cells are further characterized by a SOX17+ or SOX17+/SOX7+ expression signature.
 70. The method of claim 68, wherein said definite endodermal cells are further characterized by the expression of at least one marker selected from the group consisting of SOX17, SOX7, GSC, CER, FOXA2, CD34 and CXCR4; and a NANOG-expression signature.
 71. The method of claim 68, wherein step (b) is by an immunological isolation assay technique selected from the group consisting of fluorescent activated cell sorter (FACS), Magnetic-activated cell sorting (MACS) or immunopanning.
 72. An isolated population of cells enriched in definite endodermal cells obtained according to the method of claim
 68. 73. The isolated population of cells enriched in definite endodermal cells of claim 72, comprising at least about 50% of cells having a SOX17+ or SOX17+150X7+ expression pattern.
 74. The isolated population of cells enriched in definite endodermal cells of claim 72, wherein said definite endodermal cells are characterized by the expression of at least one marker selected from the group consisting of SOX17, SOX7, GSC, CER, FOXA2, CD34 and CXCR4; and a NANOG-expression signature. 